Author: Jay Narayan, Vibha Yadav, Dharam Prakash, R.P. Diwakar and R.K. Joshi
Download PDF
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the Chlamydiales order, focusing on its prevalence in Indian poultry and the implications for zoonotic transmission to humans. The review examines the epidemiology of Chlamydial infections in various poultry species across India, highlighting the factors contributing to their spread. It discusses the clinical manifestations of these infections in both avian hosts and humans, underscoring the public health risks associated with zoonotic transmission. Additionally, the paper evaluates current diagnostic methods, preventive measures, and control strategies employed in poultry management. Through a synthesis of existing literature and field studies, this review aims to enhance understanding of Chlamydiales in Indian poultry and promote awareness of the potential health risks posed to humans, ultimately contributing to improved biosecurity practices in the poultry industry
Meteorological variables, Abelmoschus esculentus, powdery mildew
The literature review presents a comprehensive analysis of the current understanding of Chlamydiales in Indian poultry, with a particular emphasis on the zoonotic transmission of Chlamydia species. The introduction establishes the significance of this topic, highlighting the growing concern surrounding avian chlamydiosis and its implications for both poultry health and public health. The reviewed studies collectively underscore the prevalence of Chlamydia gallinacea as a primary agent in domestic poultry, contrasting with the traditionally recognized C. psittaci. This shift in focus is critical for understanding the epidemiology of chlamydial infections in poultry and their potential transmission to humans (Guo et al., 2016). The main body of the review delves into various studies that elucidate the complexities of chlamydial infections in avian populations. The review by (Ravichandran et al., 2021) highlights the biphasic life cycle of Chlamydiaceae and the fecal-oral and vertical transmission routes among poultry, emphasizing the zoonotic risks posed by C. gallinacean and other species. The genetic variability of C. psittaci in wild birds, as discussed in (Stokes et al., 2021), further complicates the understanding of zoonotic transmission pathways, suggesting that both domestic and wild avian populations must be monitored closely. The experimental work conducted by (Szymańska-Czerwińska et al., 2021) provides evidence of the pathogenicity of C. gallinacea, noting its capacity to cause reduced body-weight gains in infected poultry and its association with atypical pneumonia in slaughterhouse workers. This reinforces the zoonotic potential of this strain and illustrates the need for heightened surveillance and preventive strategies in environments where humans and infected poultry interact closely. In conclusion, the reviewed literature offers a nuanced understanding of Chlamydiales in Indian poultry, emphasizing the importance of recognizing C. gallinacean as a significant zoonotic agent. The studies collectively highlight the need for ongoing research to elucidate the transmission dynamics, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity of Chlamydia species in both domestic and wild birds. This knowledge is essential for developing effective monitoring and control strategies to mitigate the zoonotic risks associated with avian chlamydiosis. This review provides key information about the prevalence of Chlamydiales in Indian poultry and their possible transmission to humans. It also shows that the existing chlamydial and chlamydophila vaccines are not effective against chlamydiosis; hence, it is high time to come up with a new generation of vaccines. Chlamydiales species, as well as chlamydial and chlamydophila serovars circulating in Indian poultry, are also summarized in this review. The Indian poultry industry has a current bird population of more than 3,000 million, making a significant impact on the domestic and international markets. The products include chicken, table eggs, and hatch eggs. The Indian poultry network has increased over the last decade, with small farmers running half of the industry. Furthermore, India is the second-largest egg producer and the fifth-largest broiler producer in the world. Additionally, there are many wild birds, such as waterfowl, migratory, and water-bound birds, that are carrying these Chlamydiales and spreading them further. The findings from this review indicate that Chlamydiales infect the gut of Indian poultry and are also present in the respiratory system. These Chlamydiales can infect humans in and around poultry farms, leading to flu-like symptoms. Therefore, the Government of India should take proper steps according to the One Health strategy by involving all stakeholders, which include the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Animal Husbandry. Research should focus on the development of a new generation of multivalent vaccines, diagnosis, and their costly clinical manifestations, reservoirs, sources, and carriers; genotyping and markers for genetics; and epigenetic effects on humans, poultry, and the environment. Strategies for a regular surveillance program for the detection of Chlamydiales DNA and RNA should be implemented. In addition, DNA vaccines can be evaluated alongside RNAs. This complexity makes controlling Chlamydiales in human and veterinary medicine furthermore difficult. The development of international collaborative research programs can target future policing of chlamydiosis. The development of an interactive system, involving all stakeholders including the environment, is expected to eradicate chlamydiosis from all hosts by vaccinating from egg to infinity, by the concept of infinite vaccination, and by providing public awareness and knowledge
-
Jay Narayan, Vibha Yadav, Dharam Prakash, R.P. Diwakar and R.K. Joshi (2025). A Review on Chlamydiales in Indian Poultry and its Zoonotic Transmission. International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences, 17(2): 54–64
Indexing