Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) are the most significant pulse crop that grows in tropical and subtropical regions. Sarkar et al. (2020) India is the world's largest producer of pigeon peas, accounting for 75-80% of total production. With a production of 960 kg/ha, it yields 4.25 MT total when planted over an area of 4.43 MHA in India. With a yield of 4.9 thousand tonnes, the area in Assam is 6,000 hectares and the productivity is 833 kg/ha. (2018, Agricultural Statistics). The pigeon pea, also known as "arhar, tur," or "red gramme," is a forage or cover crop as well as a food crop (dry peas, flour, or green vegetable peas). It is known to be a good source of vegetarian protein, especially in underdeveloped nations like India. The vast majority of people rely on inexpensive vegetarian meals (Gupta et al., 2024). It can repair the nitrogen in the atmosphere. Among its many benefits are seeds with a high protein content (21-25%), fuel, fodder, and the ability to prevent erosion. Most often, it is grown as a solitary crop, a kharif crop, or a mixed crop. In Assam, black gramme, green gramme, and sesame are interplanted. Traditional pigeon pea varieties are incompatible with other crop systems because they are long-duration varieties that take more than 10 months to mature (Borah et al., 2020). Over time, a gap between supply and demand has arisen as a result of pigeon pea yield stagnating due to a lack of diversity and photosensitivity (Sameerkumar et al., 2016). Twenty pigeonpea genotypes were selected for the current study in order to examine the genotypes' differences in seed yield and seven yield-related variables, as well as their stability under three different environmental conditions.

The experimental material for this study consisted of 20 pigeonpea genotypes, including two checks (BDN-716 & Chhattisgarh Arhar-1). Table 1 of the study's materials was supplied by the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding College of Agriculture, Raipur's AICRP pigeonpea department. At each site, two replications were set up using a Randomised Block Design. The current study was conducted in three different settings: Shaheed Gundadhur College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur; Sant Kabir College of Agriculture and Research Station, Kabirdham; and College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi  Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. Each genotype was planted in a single plot that had six rows, each measuring 4 by 3.6 meters, with an interrow spacing of 60 cm and an intrarow spacing of 20 cm. To improve the uniform crop stand, suggested agronomic techniques and plant protection measures were implemented. Five competitive plants were randomly chosen from each genotype and replication at each site, and observations were made on eight distinct morphological characteristics: days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 100 seed weight (g), and seed yield/plant (g). Mean values from pooled data were used to study variability. Homogeneity of variance was tested using Bartlett's test. To ascertain stability regression coefficients and regression deviations, stability analysis was performed. Using the proper test recommended by Ebehart and Russell (1966), the mean square for regression deviations was compared to the residual mean square.

The current study's findings are being examined in relation to the genotypes' variability;

Stability Analysis. Result of stability analysis has been presented in table 5. The analysis of variance for stability showed significant mean sum of squares for the genotypes foe eight traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, seed yield per plant. For each character, the (linear) mean sum of squares for their environment was significant. Stability analysis also confirms the above findings and exhibited stability of genotypes RP 2, ICP 7379, ICP 6994, ICP 7005, RPS 2015-29, RPS 2014-32, and BDN 716 for seed yield per plant. Genotypes RP 2, ICP 7379, ICP 6994, ICP 7005, RPS 2015-29, RPS 2014-32, and BDN 716 exhibited regression value more than one, indicated better stability of these genotypes for number of seed yield per plant in specific environments. Genotypes RPS 2014-1, RPS 2014-19, RPS 2014-6, RPS 2014-03, RPS 2014-31, RPS 2014-34, C.G. Arhar-1 and RP7373 have regression value less than one which showed average stability of this genotypes over a range of environment. There are highly stable varieties that can be suggested for highly favourable environments if the regression value is greater than one. Present result supports the earlier findings of Kuchanur et al. (2008); Sawargaonkar et al. (2011); Sreelakshmi et al. (2013); Kumara et al. (2016); Singh et al. (2016); Ramesh et al. (2017); Yohane et al. (2020); Pal et al. (2020); Chauhan et al. (2021); Patel et al., (2022); Dhanushasree and Hemavathy (2022) Jatav and Sahu 2025).  

Stability analysis confirms that Genotypes RP 2, ICP 7379, ICP 6994, ICP 7005, RPS 2015-29, RPS 2014-32 and BDN 716 were found to have better combination of above mentioned characters and also contributing maximum to yield even in odd climatic conditions of Chhattisgarh. These genotypes have the maturity duration between 177 – 180 days.   

Table 1: List of genotypes/entries and pedigree.

*F7 generation

Source: AICRP on Pigeonpea, Dept. of G&PB, Raipur

Table 2: Analysis of variance for stability of different characters in pigeonpea.

Table 3: Mean values for yield and its component traits in 20 genotypes of Pigeonpea.

A thorough investigation of pigeonpea stability can increase adaptability and output in the event of rains. Finally, the effect of climate change can be reduced through the choice of stable genotypes that are able to perform better during irregular precipitation patterns. Research on the conservation of soil and water increases the stability of cultivation in the areas for pigeonpea. Stability analysis can support decision makers in recommending flexible crops and better seed distribution strategies. All things were considered, this development would support permanent agriculture and food security.

Gautam Kumar Jatav and  Suryakant Sahu (2025). Stability Analysis in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] at Multiple Environments. International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 16(1): 101–104.