High-Density Plantation (HDP) has emerged as a transformative technique in citrus cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, a region characterized by its challenging terrain. Although fruit production has increased significantly, small, marginal and semi-medium farmers in the region continue to face socioeconomic challenges that hinder optimal productivity. This research aims to assess the socioeconomic impact of HDP on citrus farmers, focusing on various factors such as literacy, family composition, dependency ratios, sources of income and livestock ownership. A mixed-method sampling approach was employed, with data gathered from 100 households in citrus-growing areas across the state. The findings show a high literacy rate of 98.07 per cent among farmers, indicating a strong ability to embrace modern farming techniques. The average family size was 3.45, with a dependency ratio of 3.90, suggesting that workers often support several dependents. Agriculture remains the primary occupation for 53 per cent of the households, while 35 per cent are engaged in the service sector. Livestock, including cows, buffaloes and young stock, plays an essential role in supporting farming activities. While HDP has the potential to increase yields and improve economic returns, challenges such as dependency burdens and resource limitations persist. The study emphasizes that HDP could significantly improve productivity and income for small-scale farmers, provided there is adequate support in terms of resources and agricultural practices

High-Density Plantation (HDP), Citrus, Socioeconomic profile, Agricultural Innovation

The study identifies key areas where policy interventions could enhance the livelihoods of citrus farmers in Himachal Pradesh. Given the high literacy rate, there is an opportunity to promote the adoption of modern farming techniques through agricultural training and extension services. With a significant proportion of nuclear families, policies that focus on family welfare, particularly initiatives to empower women in agriculture, would be beneficial. The high dependency ratio highlights the financial pressure on working family members, suggesting the need for targeted social welfare programs such as micro-financing and insurance schemes. Agriculture remains the dominant occupation for many households, but there is also increasing participation in the service sector, which points to the potential for policies encouraging livelihood diversification through skill-building programs and support for small enterprises. Livestock ownership plays a critical role in farming, indicating a need for better veterinary care, improved access to feed, and livestock insurance. Finally, promoting protected cultivation through subsidies and financial assistance could increase farm productivity and income. Overall, the study underscores the importance of comprehensive policies that address education, social welfare, agricultural innovation and economic diversification to improve the income and employment outcomes for farmers

Mahima Lohia, Shilpa, Ajit Sharma, Niyati Thakur and Kumari Sandeep (2025). Adopting High-Density Plantation: Socioeconomic Perspectives from Himachal Pradesh’s Citrus Growers. Biological Forum, 17(5a): 84-87