Every cell in the human body or other eukaryotes contains precisely the same DNA as the original fertilized zygote. Different cells transcribe and translate different parts of the genome and differentiate stem cells into different types of specialized mature cells. So, here the role of the various phenomena that take part in the body is named epigenetics- "Epi" means upon or in addition with genetic function. In our body, all differentiation processes are driven and maintained/sustained by epigenetic mechanisms, excluding the B and T cells of the immune system. Eukaryotic genetic control via epigenome comprises DNA methylation, RNA mediated silencing and histone modifications. Cell differentiation is a complex process related to both intracellular and extracellular signals, so epigenetics has a crucial role during the differentiation process. Precedently, researchers have struggled to understand the complex molecular mechanism to regulating the different chronic diseases. With the advancement and evidences available indicates that epigenetics studies are significantly increasing our knowledge about different diseases and its application in diverse biological fields. Thus, this review primarily focuses on the genetic and epigenetic markers relation and their malfunctions relating to chronic diseases and epigenetic medicine to cure some epigenetic errors. Additionally, it also discusses about the role of epigenetic modifications in improving biofuelproduction.

Bioethanol,Cancer, Epigenetics, Genetics, Methylation

The continuous progress in molecular biology research shows the relation of environment impact on our gene regulation activity which regulates the organisms phenotype. The epigenome involvesnumerous molecular constituents like DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone proteins, and their post-translational modifications. In Epigenetic mechanisms, each and every aspect of gene expression gets influenced, from gene accessibility in the chromosomal pool to post-transcriptional and transcriptional RNA modification and translation. Till date, broad spectrum of molecular players has been discovered as well as their role, involvement, and the variety of mechanisms involved, indicates that even seemingly simple metabolic pathways of gene regulation may show dynamic and complex operations. Therefore, for managing disease and to cure, it has become essential to understand the genetic and epigenetic roots of disease. Different chronic diseases are speculated to arise from genetic factors/markers interacting with or getting affected by either beneficial or harmful environmental agents. This background biological understanding of epigenetics involvement and its interaction with genetic markers enables us to understand the contribution of genetics and epigenetics in the development/research of individualized genomic and epigenomic profiling. Thus, leading forward in the direction to the creation of epigenetically inspired medicinal era/personalized medicine for diagnosing and treating a wide array of chronic diseases. Significant research is currently using an epigenetic modification to improve production of various bioengineered products such as bioethanol as well as in treating the different chronic disease. Moreover, it opens the path for exploration of different endeavor and prospects for deep and better understanding of changes occurring at gene level

Shubham Pandey, Harji Singh Malhotra, Purva Thakur, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Chirag Chopra and Reena Singh (2022). Applications and Perspectives of Epigenetics in Applied Biology and Biotechnology: A Review. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 14(2): 434-445.