INTRODUCTION In India the agriculture has been the major land use practice to meet the requirement of food grains and vegetables production for human consumption. The economic conditions of farmers also depend on agriculture, but in most of region of India agriculture practice cannot be throughout the year. As a result their economy and livelihood are affected. To have multiple gain from agriculture field the practice of agroforestry has a support system to agriculture during lean period as in this interactions of tree component (timber, fuelwood, fruit trees etc.) along with agriculture crops are deliberately practiced to have multiple benefits like food grain, fuelwood, fodder, vegetables, fruit to avoid leaving agriculture field for fallow. Agroforestry helps to provide farmers effective and efficient land management system to get high crop yield and income under agri-ecological conditions. The integration of tree components in crop fields may in spatial/temporal sequence. In this under agroforestry integration woody and non-woody components are main target along with economic surety (Kumar and Nair 2004). Frey et al. (2010) estimated financial returns from eight agroforestry and seven forestry systems to compare returns from agriculture on marginal and average lands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV), as an indicator for potential adoption. In all but a few cases, agriculture had higher returns than agroforestry and forestry. However, moderate prices from carbon credits from afforestation and reforestation activities have potential on marginal agricultural that maintains large carbon stock avoiding clear cutting. Dwivedi et al. (2007) studied outcome of socio-economic diagnosis of traditional as well as commercial agroforestry practices being practiced by farmers in Western Uttar Pradesh including tree species such as Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo and Eucalyptus spp. in traditional system whereas, Populus deltoids and Eucalyptus spp. were the main species of commercial agroforestry. The net return from tree produce ha-1 per annum in traditional system was Rs. 989, 541 and 440 for marginal, small and medium farmers, respectively. In commercial region, B:C ratio has been found higher (3.00) for poplar based agrisilviculture than poplar (2.84) and eucalyptus (2.68) based bund system. The traditional agroforestry seems less promising as compared to commercial agroforestry, but it is most beneficial to the farmers livelihood. In India, agroforestry practices are carried out over approximately 25.32 million hectare i.e., approximate 8.32% of total geographic area of country. Different variations of agroforestry being observed included Agri-Silviculture (alley cropping, multiple cropping and inters cropping), Aqua-Silviculture (tree-fish-arable crop and tree-fish-livestock systems). As compared to a monoculture, well integrated and managed agroforestry practices have many benefits which have not yet been popularized in country (Kumar et al., 2017). The main objective for promoting agroforestry is proper utilization of limited land resources by farmers and to get continued income round the year. Although in Jharkhand efforts have been made to assess the farmers’ participation in agroforestry, but reasons for its non-adoption in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand have not been yet worked out. Hence present study was taken to provide the baseline information in this respect. Materials and Method In the present study data have been collected from eight villages of West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand State. Four blocks were selected and from each block four villages and from each village twenty households were selected for data generation. Therefore, from each village 20 households and a total no. of 320 respondents were selected from each block as: 4 × 4 × 20 = 320 Block Village Household Total no. of respondents The map of the study area is shown below: The study is based on survey of 20 randomly selected household practicing agroforestry from each village with the help of a questionnaire specially designed and pretested for the interviewing the socio-economic survey from four blocks namely- Khuntpani, Jagganathpur, Manjhari and Tonto and from each block four villages and from each villages 20 respondents or households were selected for the observation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. The socio-economic characteristics including age, education and source of income are observed and data is shown in Table 1. It is evident that majority of the respondents under West Singhbhum district belonged to middle age group (61%) followed by old age group (22.18%) and young age group (16.87%). Also majority of the respondents (51.20%) were illiterate, 38.40% were pre-matric and 2.19% were up to graduate level. This study also revealed that 71.88% respondents reported to have earned their income mainly from agriculture while, 15.93% from agroforestry and 13.13% from collection of forest products. Similarly, studies have indicated that socio-economic characteristics had much influence on the adoption behavior regarding new practices (Jamal, 2005). FAO (2001) also reported that agroforestry adopters belonged to higher group in their socio-economic status. It present study also it is observed that illiteracy was also the main reason for less adoption of agroforestry by farmers. The farmers considered this practice harmful for their agricultural crops due to lack of education and awareness for agroforestry. Amir (2003) also reported that education was the main and vital weapon for bringing a positive change in the behavior of individual farmer for adoption of agroforestry. Hence the illiteracy among the farmers is much influencing their behavior to adopt agroforestry practices as it is one of the main hindrances which creating ignorance and unawareness among the individuals. Glover et al. (2013) has witnessed a significant improvement in the adoption and promotion of agroforestry technologies among smallholder farmers world-wide and in particular, developing countries. They observed that the main socio-economic factors that determine the actual occurrence of agroforestry are household security, access to capital and incentives, labour, gender, land tenure, farm size and knowledge for management. Sustainable development through agroforestry can be achieved through genuine and continuous involvement of farmers in agroforestry activities. The sources of income and the occupations also determine the social standing of the adoption behaviour of the people because as depicted in Table-1 only a small number of farmers (71.88%) were actively engaged in agriculture and 15.93% were practicing agroforestry. The farmers who were planting selected trees species on their farmlands were also confronted with major problems like timber and fuel wood marketing. Therefore, farmers mainly utilizes tree species as fodder sources for their livestock, as a result they couldn’t drive income from their farmland tree. Attitude of the respondents towards Agroforestry. The responses of attitude from the agroforestry practices perceived through pre designed questionnaire (Table 2) consisted benefits obtained in ten items and the farmers' responses were categorized as 'strongly agree', 'agree', 'disagree' and 'strongly disagree', respectively. It is observed that majority (15.62%) of the farmers fall in strongly agree category, which indicated that agroforestry meets day to day demand for food, fodder and fuel. The response through agroforestry is substantial improvement in profile and fertility of land with 14.37% respondents fall in 'agree' category. Moreover, 13.43% of respondants indicated that agroforestry encourages subsidiary activities like dairy, fishery, bee keeping etc. and 7.50% adoption of agroforestry decreases crop production per unit area of land gave 'disagree' category. It was observed that respondents agreed to the tune of 12.50%. The response of the respondents that practice of agroforestry contributed to improve vegetation in the area is 11.56% agree. The data in Table 2 indicated that on an average agroforestry farming is considered as progressive farming system’ 8.75% respondents fall in the category of agree followed by ‘agroforestry has no effect on crop production to improve yields’ i.e, 8.43%, 'strongly, 'disagree' and ‘Adoption of agroforestry decreases crop production per unit area of land' strongly disagree' 7.50% in the studied area. It may be inferred from the data that more than 50% respondents have moderate knowledge about agroforestry. Therefore, more exposure needs to be given to the villagers for increasing the adoption level of Agroforestry systems. Kumar et al. (2017) found that major constraint on agroforestry is lack of proper management, shortage of technical support, rigid policy of harvesting of tree products and informal, unstructured market. Due to these reason farmers are disappointing to grow tree on their field. However, there is a great potential for the development of agroforestry in India.