IndexingDiversity, Indigenous Uses and Conservation Status of Medicinal Plants in Bagi and Munjhag Catchments of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, North Western Indian Himalaya, India
Author:
Anjana Sharma1, S.S. Samant2* and Lalit Mohan Tewari1
Journal Name: Biological Forum, 17(6): 64-86, 2025
Address:
1Department of Botany, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital (Uttarakhand), India.
2UCoST - Manaskhand Science Centre, Almora (Uttarakhand), India.
(Corresponding author: S.S. Samant*)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.65041/BiologicalForum.2025.17.6.11
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Abstract
The Indian Himalayan Region is known for its diverse medicinal plants, which are used to treat various diseases/ailments. However, studies are lacking on medicinal plants specific to the catchments or watershed regions. This study investigates the diversity of medicinal plants in the Baagi and Munjhag Catchments in Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya. The study recorded 580 species with medicinal properties, categorized into 124 families and 375 genera. The most frequently used plant part was leaf (150 spp.), followed by roots (113 spp.), whole plant (87 spp.), seeds (52 spp.), flowers (49 spp.), fruits (43 spp.), and shoots/stem (31 spp.), respectively. Of the total species, 137 species were used for gastrointestinal disorders, 134 for dermatological issues, 128 for musculoskeletal and pain conditions, 91 for respiratory ailments, and 63 for fever. Total 236 species were native to the Himalayan Region, 6 species endemics to the Himalayan region, 90 species near endemic to the Indian Himalayan Region, and 576 species were threatened. The rapid decline in the populations of many species may be attributed to overexploitation and habitat degradation. Frequent monitoring of the species using standard ecological methods has been suggested.
Keywords
Baagi & Munjhag Catchments; Diversity, Medicinal Plants, Indigenous Uses, Native, Threatened, Conservation.
Introduction
The natural world has long been a cornerstone for medicinal therapies, with plant-based systems continuing to play a vital role in the primary health care of 80% of the global population (Gupta, 2001). The Himalayan region is acknowledged as a crucial area of biodiversity (Myers et al., 2000). The utilization of plants as therapeutic agents for the management of diverse ailments, has been practiced since ancient times. The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) stands out among the biogeographic provinces of India for its rich diversity of medicinal plants. The area presents a rich variety of physical characteristics, weather patterns, soil classifications, and biological assets. This region is a crucial reservoir of global biological diversity and is acknowledged as a repository of important medicinal plant species (Samant et al., 1998, 2007a). The unique landscape of the IHR, covering around 250,000 km2, supports a diverse range of habitats along an elevation gradient, from about 200 to 8,000 m above mean sea level. The IHR functions as a comprehensive collection of various biological and cultural diversities. The existence of around 18,440 plant species in various habitats (Singh and Hajra 1996), The presence of 1,748 medicinal plants (Samant et al., 1998), 675 wild edible plants (Samant and Dhar 1997), 118 essential oil plants with medicinal properties (Samant and Palni 2000), 155 sacred plants (Samant and Pant 2003), and 279 fodder plants (Samant, 1998) highlights the extraordinary diversity and uniqueness of the IHR. In India, more than 95% of the 400 plant species used in medicinal preparations by different industries are obtained from wild populations (Uniyal et al., 2000).
Similar to other regions of the IHR, the people of Himachal Pradesh rely on forests for a variety of their needs. Numerous underprivileged families in the mountainous areas of the IHR sustain their livelihoods by gathering medicinal plants from the wild. Himachal Pradesh, a state of the IHR, boasts a rich array of biodiversity. The area features a wide variety of floral species tailored to meet local needs and site conditions. The indigenous population has employed this significant source of raw materials in various ways. The community predominantly depends on biological resources for various uses, including medicine, nutrition, animal feed, fuel, timber, agricultural tools, fibre, dyes, and aesthetic applications, among others (Samant et al., 2007a). A significant number of studies focusing on ethnobotany, particularly concerning medicinal plants, have been conducted in Himachal Pradesh by various researchers (Samant et al., 2007a, 2007 b; Rawat et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2009; Sharma & Mishra 2009; Rana and Samant 2011; Samant et al., 2010, 2011; Kaur et al., 2011; Sharma et al., 2011; Thaplyal et al., 2012; Vidyarthi et al., 2013, 2014; Sen & Samant 2013; Goraya et al., 2013; Sharma et al., 2014; Rana & Sharma 2016; Bhardwaj & Seth 2017; Kumar & Chander 2018a, 2018b; Kumari et al., 2018; Bodh et al., 2018 ; Rana et al., 2019; Devi et al., 2019; Marpa et al., 2020, 2021; Kumari & Samant 2021; Barman et al., 2021; Kumar, 2021; Raghuvanshi et al., 2021; Supriya, 2022; Bhatti et al., 2022, 2024; Targe et al., 2022; Samant et al., 2023; Klate et al., 2023; Radha et al., 2023; Kumar et al., 2024; Sharma et al., 2024; Kumar et al., 2024; Thakur et al., 2025).
Despite the endeavours of the aforementioned workers, several biodiversity-rich regions remain unknown or underexplored, like the Baagi and Munjhag Catchments in Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh. Recent research in adjacent regions demonstrates that unsustainable extraction and habitat degradation, among other anthropogenic pressures are exacerbating issues for medicinal populations Kumar et al. (2024). However, updated assessments, including comprehensive status evaluations and conservation requirements for these species, are still lacking. Thorough investigations on the status and distribution patterns of commercially significant species are necessary to assess the pressures they face and to formulate effective conservation management plans. Consequently, an effort has been undertaken to: (i) investigate the diversity, distribution, utilization, and indigenous applications of medicinal plants, (ii) identify species preferences, (iii) identify native, endemic, and threatened medicinal plants, and (iv) suggest conservation strategies for sustainable management.
Material & Methods
A. Study area
The Baagi and Munjhag Catchments (B&MCs) lie in 31°45' to 31°50' N Latitudes and 77°04' to 77°07'E Longitudes with an altitudinal range, 1180 - 3000 m amsl, is located in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya (Fig. 1). The vegetation mainly comprises of sub-tropical and sub-alpine types. The forests are dominated by Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Cedrus deodara, Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus floribunda; etc. Depending upon the altitude, the climate varies considerably. Altogether, the climate is temperate and sub – alpine types with well-marked three seasons viz., summer (mid-April–mid June), rainy (monsoon) (mid-June-September) and winter (October-March) prevail in the region. The higher reaches of hills get precipitation in the form of snow during the winter season. Climatically the area is unique, the temperature ranges between -4oC and 32oC. Maximum rainfall occurs in the months of July and August. Frequent snowfall during winter occurs from December to March. The altitudinal sprawls, as well as climatic and pedological conditions of this area have resulted into highly diversified vegetation. The distribution of different species follows fairly regular altitudinal stratification. The area is facing various anthropogenic pressures. Due to this, the vulnerability of the floristic elements including medicinal plants is increasing day by day.
Fig. 1. Map of Study Area.
B. Assessment of Resource Utilization Pattern
The twelve villages namely, Kandhi, Chorinala, Chowki, Tihari, Bambola, Solang, Halgarh, Baagi, Sheghali, Kaafalgalu, Sandoa, and Kundhakh, situated around the Baagi and Munjhag Catchments, were selected for a survey aimed at gathering data on the utilization patterns of medicinal plants by local inhabitants. Interviews were conducted with ten informed individuals and local Vaidhyas from each village. In the village, a specialist was hired to investigate and gather information on the plant species utilized for medicinal purposes from their natural environments. Data regarding local names, altitudinal range, life form, part(s) used, and use values, including indigenous knowledge and practices, was collected. Samples of unidentified species were brought to the institute for identification. On spot and laboratory identifications of medicinal plants were done using local and regional floras (Singh, 2018). The botanical names of the plants and their families were confirmed through multiple online resources, including www.theplantlist.org, http://www.flowersofindia.net, www.efloras.org, and The World Flora Online. The indigenous uses were primarily gathered from the surveys, and also information on indigenous uses has also been updated through secondary sources (Jain, 1991). Certain species of medicinal plants remain unused by local inhabitants, yet their medicinal applications were recognized from other areas within the state and the IHR. These species have also been added in the inventory of medicinal plants. The data was gathered and examined to assess the diversity, altitudinal distribution, and utilization pattern and indigenous knowledge (Samant et al., 1998; Samant et al., 2007a). For the external use, the pant part (s) were crushed, converted into paste and applied into the infected part. For internal use, the paste of the plant part(s) was mixed in water as per the requirement and given to the patient twice or thrice a day depending upon the illness (Samant et al., 1998; Samant et al., 2007a).
The species' nativity was identified (Anonymous, 1883-1970; Samant et al., 1996), and endemism was determined based on the species' range (Dhar & Samant 1993). Species originating from or first documented in the Himalayan region, were classified as natives. Species confined distribution to the IHR were classified as endemics, whereas those that have expanded their distribution to adjacent Himalayan countries and Indian states were regarded as near endemics. In a broad sense (Senso Lato), near-endemic species of the IHR become endemic to the Himalayan region. Species threat categories were determined based on habitat choices, population size, distribution range, and use values, in accordance with IUCN standards (Ved et al., 2003).
Results & Discussion
A. Diversity and Distribution Pattern
A total of 580 species of medicinal plants were documented, comprising 535 angiosperms, 5 gymnosperms, and 40 pteridophytes. These species belong to 124 families and 375 genera. The dominant families identified include Asteraceae (57 spp.), Lamiaceae (33 spp.), Rosaceae (27 spp.), Fabaceae (21 spp.), Ranunculaceae (20 spp.), Orchidaceae (18 spp.), Apiaceae (14 spp.), Polygonaceae (12 spp.), Poaceae and Euphorbiaceae (11 spp., each), Scrophulariaceae (11 spp.), Rubiaceae (10 spp.), Boraginaceae (08 spp.), Acanthaceae and Urticaceae (9 spp., each), Malvaceae (8 spp.), Gentianaceae, Brassicaceae , Berberidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Solanaceae (7 spp., each), Caesalpiniaceae, Crassulaceae, Ericaceae, Liliaceae, and Verbenaceae (6 spp., each), Dioscoreaceae, Rutaceae, Primulaceae, Plantaginaceae and Onagraceae (5 spp., each) Fig. 2(a); Table 2. Among the genera, Artemisia, Impatiens, Berberis, Rubus, and Pteris (06 spp., each), Arisaema, Clematis and Viburnum (05 spp., each), Potentilla, Erigeron, Galium, Hypericum, Plantago, Thalictrum, Adiantum, Asplenium, and Dryopteris (04 spp., each), and Viola, Rosa, Ranunculus, and Rhamnus (03 spp., each), were identified as the dominant genera Fig. 2(b).
The highest diversity of medicinal plants among the total 580 species (Herb: 376; Shrub: 106; Tree: 57; Fern: 40; Climber: 1) was observed in the altitudinal zone of 2500-3000m, with a decline noted as altitude increased. Notable medicinal species found in the altitudinal zone of 2500-3000m include Juniperus communis, Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, Strobilanthes wallichii, Acer acuminatum, Allium wallichii, Achyranthes bidentata, and Cyathula capitata. In the altitudinal zone of 2000–2500m, significant species comprise Pinus roxburghii, Barleria cristata, Dicliptera bupleuroides, Dicliptera paniculata, Strobilanthes tomentosa, and Achyranthes aspera. The prominent medicinal plants found within the altitudinal range of 1180-2000m include Justicia adhatoda, Justicia japonica, Peristrophe bicalyculata, Strobilanthes dalhousianus, and Acer oblongum, among others. The distribution of species suggests that mid-altitudinal habitats support a greater diversity of medicinal plants, likely due to favourable ecological conditions and enhanced species adaptability in those elevation ranges.
A total of 236 species of medicinal plants were identified as native to the Himalayan region. The remaining species were classified as non-natives to the Himalayan region. Six (06) species were endemic to the IHR, while 90 species were considered near endemic to the IHR.
A total of 576 species have been classified as threatened, comprising 395 categorized as Least Concern (LC), 103 as Near Threatened (NT), 62 as Vulnerable (VU), 14 as Endangered (EN), and 2 as Critically Endangered (CR) i.e., Angelica glauca and Dactylorhiza hatagirea Fig. 2(c).
B. Utilization Pattern and Indigenous Uses
Various part/s of medicinal plants were utilized in the treatment of ailments affecting different body systems, including the skin, digestive system, respiratory tract, joints and bones, liver, urinary system, eyes, and teeth. A total of 137 species were identified for gastrointestinal disorders, followed by 134 species for dermatological issues, and 128 species for musculoskeletal and pain conditions. Respiratory ailments accounted for 91 species, while fever was represented by 63 species. Metabolic and endocrine disorders included 46 species, and nervous system and mental disorders comprised 44 species. Urinary and renal problems involved 39 species, cardiovascular and blood disorders had 32 species, and reproductive (gynaecological) issues were associated with 30 species. General health and tonic uses featured 26 species, and ophthalmic (eye) problems included 25 species. Venomous bites and stings, along with instances of poisoning, involved 19 species. Oral and dental issues (09 species) and ear-related concerns (06 species) Fig. 2(d). The complete breakdown of disease categories and the corresponding numbers of species is presented in Table 1. The Table 2 provides details on the indigenous uses of the species. For instance, among medicinal plants, the gall bladers of Pistacia chinensis have been utilized for tonic, as expectorant, and cough-relieving properties, as well as for treating asthma, fever, appetite issues, stomach irritability, chronic pulmonary conditions, dyspepsia, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Achillea millefolium has been applied in treating colds, diphtheria, epilepsy, fever, gastric complaints, hysteria, piles, and toothache, while also serving as a stimulant, tonic, carminative, diuretic, and remedy for kidney stones and nasal congestion. Podophyllum hexandrum is recognized for its anticancer properties, hepatic stimulation, and purgative effects. Dioscorea deltoidea has applications in dysentery, piles, abdominal pain, wounds, burns, anaemia, and acts as an expectorant and sedative. The flowers of Rhododendron arboreum are used for dysentery, fever, headache, rheumatism, and wounds, among other conditions (Table 2).
The major parts utilized include leaf (150 species), followed by roots (113 species), whole plants (87 species), seeds (52 species), flowers (49 species), fruits (43 species), shoots/stems (31 species), branches/twigs (23 species), aerial parts (18 species), barks (16 species), tubers (11 species), and rhizomes (10 species) as illustrated in Fig. 2 (e).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Fig. 2. (a) Dominant families of medicinal plants; (b): Dominant Genera of Medicinal plants; (c): Utilization pattern of medicinal plants in different ailments; (d): Threatened medicinal plants; and (e): Plant parts used in different ailments (AP=Ariel Part; Tw=Twig; Sht=Shoot; St=Stem; Rh=Rhizome; Brh=Branch; Bk/=Bark; Lf= Leaves; Sd=Seed; WP=Whole Plant; & Tu=Tuber).
Table 1: Patterns of therapeutic plant use for various illnesses in Baagi and Munjhag catchments of Mandi district in Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya.
Ailments/medicinal properties | No. of species | Ailments/medicinal properties | No. of species | Ailments/medicinal properties | No. of species |
Dysentery | 76 | Insomnia | 5 | Fungal infections | 2 |
Tonic | 54 | Flatulence | 5 | Night blindness | 2 |
Diuretic | 44 | Dropsy | 5 | Dislocation of joints | 2 |
Swelling | 27 | Nervine | 5 | Antilithic | 2 |
Sores | 27 | Bodyache | 5 | Hemostatic | 2 |
Cuts | 26 | Vermifuge | 5 | Tootache | 2 |
Astringent | 25 | Detoxification | 5 | Food poisoning | 2 |
Infections | 25 | Ringworm | 5 | Parasitic infections | 2 |
Snake bite | 24 | Antispasm | 5 | Pectoral complaints | 2 |
Piles | 19 | Cramps | 5 | Hair problems | 2 |
Arthritis | 18 | Leucoderma | 5 | Phthisis | 2 |
Malaria | 16 | Hepatitis | 5 | Nerve tonic | 2 |
Vomiting | 15 | Scurvy | 4 | Typhoid | 2 |
Antioxidant | 15 | Hepatic | 4 | Emmenagogue | 2 |
Blood purifier | 15 | Abscess | 4 | Tumours | 2 |
Antidote | 15 | Rheumatoid | 4 | Decoction | 2 |
Antiseptic | 12 | Convulsions | 4 | Neuralgia | 2 |
Febrifuge | 12 | Abortifacient | 4 | Neurological disorders | 2 |
Bleeding | 12 | Antimicrobial | 4 | Haemoptysis | 2 |
Sore throat | 12 | Stomach problems | 4 | Conjunctivitis | 2 |
Expectorant | 12 | Appetizer | 4 | Dandruff | 2 |
Cholera | 12 | Sciatica | 3 | Scalds | 2 |
Dyspepsia | 12 | Influenza | 3 | Respiratory diseases | 2 |
Laxative | 12 | Bruises | 3 | Spleen complaints | 2 |
Leprosy | 10 | Antihelminthic | 3 | Wormicide | 2 |
Eczema | 10 | Styptic | 3 | Leucorrhoea | 2 |
Antibacterial | 10 | Nausea | 3 | Blisters in mouth | 2 |
Stimulant | 9 | Menstruation | 3 | Lumbago | 2 |
Aphrodisiac | 9 | Pulmonary infection | 3 | Body swelling | 2 |
Sprain | 9 | Antidote in snake bite | 3 | Anxiety | 2 |
Purgative | 9 | Stomachic | 3 | Acne | 2 |
Veterinary diseases | 9 | Digestive problems | 3 | Anti-viral | 2 |
Emetic | 8 | Mouth sores | 3 | Carbuncle | 2 |
Antipyretic | 8 | Anaemia | 3 | Weakness | 2 |
laxative | 8 | Cystitis | 3 | Rhinitis | 2 |
Pneumonia | 7 | Dermatitis | 3 | General tonic | 2 |
Insect bite | 7 | Mastitis | 3 | Warts | 2 |
Injuries | 6 | Debility | 3 | Vulnerary | 2 |
Hysteria | 6 | Bowel complaints | 3 | Anti-rheumatic | 2 |
Blisters | 6 | Emollient | 3 | Obesity | 2 |
Carminative | 6 | Ophthalmia | 3 | Contraceptive | 2 |
Scabies | 6 | Sinusitis | 3 | Muscular swellings | 2 |
Urine complaint | 6 | Bone fractures | 3 | Antiperiodic | 2 |
Pimples | 6 | Antifungal | 2 | Lung diseases | 1 |
Tuberculosis | 6 | Anti-arthritic | 2 | Nose bleeding | 1 |
Gastric complaints | 6 | Syphilis | 2 | Narcotic | 1 |
Gout | 6 | Ointment | 2 | Lipid peroxidation agent | 1 |
Diaphoretic | 5 | Galactagogue | 2 | Local anaesthetic | 1 |
Fertility | 5 | Diarrhoea | 2 | Muscle rigidity | 1 |
Table 2: Diversity, Distribution, Indigenous Uses, Nativity, Endemism and Status of Medicinal Plants in Baagi and Munjhag Catchments, Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya.
Family/ Taxa | Vernacular Name | Altitudinal range(m) | LF | Part (s) Used | Nativity | End | Threat Status | Indigenous Uses |
Angiosperms | ||||||||
Acanthaceae | ||||||||
Barleria cristata L. | -- | 1180-2200 | H | WP | Ind Or Burma | -- | LC | Anaemia, body pain, headache, swelling in legs, toothache |
Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees | -- | 2000-2500 | H | WP, Lf | Ind Or | -- | LC | Snakebite. wounds, stomach disorders, fever, and bone fractures, digestion, blood purification, and treating colds and infections |
Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I. Darbysh. | Atrilal, Kakajangha | 1180–2200 | H | St, Lf, Rt | Afr, Arab, Ind Or Temp Trop As Min | -- | LC | Antibacterial agent, treat eye infections, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipruritic properties |
Justicia adhatoda L. | Basuti | 1180-1500 | Sh | Rt, Fr | As Trop | -- | LC | Antihelminthic, antipyretic, Sedative, antiseptic, antispasm, asthma, constipation and Malaria |
J. japonica Don | -- | 1300-2000 | H | Rt, Fr | As et Afr Trop | -- | LC | Asthma, boils, child birth and |
Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees | Kali aghedi | 1180-1600 | H | WP | As et Afr Trop | -- | NT | Eye disorder, fracture, sprain |
Strobilanthes dalhousianus C.B. Cl. | -- | 1180-1900 | H | Rt, Lf, AP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-arthritic properties |
Strobilanthes tomentosa (Wall. ex Nees) J.R.I. Wood | -- | 1180-2200 | Sh | Rt, Rh, St, Lf | Ind Or | -- | NT | Detoxification, fever reduction, and inflammation, various epidemic diseases and antipyretic |
Strobilanthes wallichii Nees* | Dhuda | 2000-2800 | H | St, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties |
Aceraceae | ||||||||
Acer acuminatum Wall. ex D. Don* | Mandru | 2900-3000 | T | Lf, Br | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Treating rheumatism, eye diseases, and pain |
Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC. | Parange | 1400-1950 | T | Lf, Rt, Sd, Br | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Rheumatism, bruises, hepatic disorders, eye disease, and pain |
Agavaceae | ||||||||
Agave angustifolia Haw. | Ramban | 1300-1600 | H | Lf, Rt | Mexico | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic |
Alliaceae | ||||||||
Allium wallichii Kunth | -- | 2500-3000 | H | Blb, AP | Reg Himal | -- | EN | Cholera, dysentery, cough, cold and altitude sickness |
Amaranthaceae | ||||||||
Achyranthes aspera L. | Puthkanda | 1180-2500 | H | WP | Geront Trop | -- | LC | Asthma, boils, bronchitis, cold, cough, dysentery, germicide, headache, laxative leucoderma, piles, pneumonia, rheumatism, scabies, skin diseases, sore, stomachache, tonic, toothache, whooping cough, wounds and veterinary diseases |
Achyranthes bidentata Bl. | Puthkanda | 1180-2600 | H | WP | As Trop | -- | LC | Blisters in mouth, cholera, scorpion sting and swelling, whooping cough |
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Bl. | -- | 1180-1200 | H | Lf, Fl, WP | Java | -- | VU | Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, rheumatic arthritis and pain |
Amaranthus spinosus L. | Sariyara | 1500-2500 | H | Lf, Rt | Am Bor | -- | LC | Laxative, diuretic, antipyretic, jaundice and vomiting |
Cyathula capitata Moq. | -- | 1200-2600 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, and enhance diuresis, primarily for conditions like menstrual problems, rheumatism, and pain |
Cyathula tomentosa (Roth) Moq. | -- | 1180-2400 | H | Rt, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Skin diseases |
Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. | -- | 1180-1400 | Sh | Rt, Lf | As et Afr Trop | -- | VU | Fever, rheumatism, sores and dysentery |
Anacardiaceae | ||||||||
Brucea javanica" (L.) Merr. | Titri | 1200-2500 | T | Fr, Sd, St, Tw | Reg Himal China | -- | LC | Intestinal inflammation, diarrhoea, malaria, and cancer |
Cotinus coggygria Scop. | Chulli | 1180-1800 | Sh | Fr, Fl | Reg Mediter Or Reg Himal China | -- | LC | Astringent |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. | -- | 1180-1300 | T | Bk, Lf | Ind Or | -- | LC | Astringent, bruises, skin eruptions, heart diseases, dysentery, mouth sores, toothache, local swelling and pains |
Pistacia chinensis ssp. integerrima (J. L. Stew.) Rech. f. | Kakare | 1180-2200 | T | Fr | Reg Himal Aegypt Persia | -- | LC | Tonic, expectorant, cough, asthma, fever, appetite, irritability of the stomach, chronic pulmonary affection, dyspeptic, vomiting & diarrhoea |
Rhus chinensis Mill. | Titri Tittar | 1180-2500 | T | Fr, Wd | Reg Himal China Ins Sandvic | -- | LC | Gastric problem, skin diseases |
Searsia parviflora (Roxb.) F.A. Barkley | - | 1180-1350 | Sh | Fr, St, Br, Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Stomach disorders, anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, and rheumatoid arthritis |
Toxicodendron wallichii (Hk. f.) Kuntze | Rikhad | 1500-2400 | T | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Skin conditions, paralysis, and arthritis |
Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze | Kakad | 2000–2400 | T | Br, Lf, Fr, Rt | Himalaya to Temp. E. As, N. Sumatera | -- | VU | Diarrhea, dysentery and phthisis |
Apiaceae | ||||||||
Angelica glauca Edgew. | Chaura | 2000-2800 | H | Rh, Rt | Reg Himal | E | CR | Dysentery, gastric complaints, menorrhoea, stomach complaints, vomiting, dyspepsia, constipation and asthma |
Bupleurum candolii Wall. ex DC.* | - | 2700-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Coughs, fevers and influenza |
Bupleurum atroviolaceum (Schulz) Nasir* | - | 2100-3000 | H | Rt | Pak | -- | VU | Colds, fever, chest pain, irregular menstruation and regulating metabolism |
Bupleurum falcatum L. | Jangli Jeera | 1180-3000 | H | Rt | Europe Oriens As Bor Reg Himal | -- | LC | Abdominal inflammation, fever, liver complaints |
Bupleurum hamiltonii Balakr. | - | 1900-2500 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Treating respiratory infections, fevers, fatigue, and digestive issues |
Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. ex DC.* | - | 2000-2600 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Fever, pain, liver problems, and inflammation |
Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC. | - | 1400-2800 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Fever, pain, inflammation, liver-related issues, respiratory infections and digestive problems |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | Brahmi | 1300-1600 | H | Lf, WP | Reg Trop et Sub Trop | -- | LC | Wound healing, improved memory and treatment of skin conditions |
Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. | Mahagotukola | 1180-2500 | H | Lf | Java | -- | LC | Dysentery, indigestion and fever |
Ligusticopsis wallichiana (DC.) Pimenov & Kljuykov | Matoshal | 2600-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Incense, insecticidal, nervine tonic and sedative |
Pimpinella diversifolia DC. | -- | 1200-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Cold, cough and digestive disorder |
Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) C.B.Cl. | -- | 1800-3000 | H | Rt, AP | Reg Himal, Ind, NE Pak | -- | LC | Antioxidant and antimicrobial agent |
Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | -- | 1800-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Detoxification, hemostasis (stopping bleeding), and treating throat pain |
Selinum vaginatum (Edgew.) Cl. | Matoila | 2600-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Neurological disorders, epilepsy, hysteria and convulsions |
Araceae | ||||||||
Acorus calamus L. | Bare, Bauch | 1300-2200 | H | Rh, Lf | Reg Bor Temp | -- | VU | Analgesic, antipyretic, tonic, anti-obesity, and healing purposes, skin diseases, neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory and several other health disorders |
Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott | Kida alu | 2400-3000 | H | Bb | Arab | LC | Skin disease | |
Arisaema intermedium Bl.* | Kida alu | 2000-3000 | H | Bb | Reg Himal | LC | Ringworm and skin diseases | |
Arisaema jacquemontii Bl.* | Kida alu | 1600-3000 | H | Bb | Reg Himal | NT | Ringworm and other skin diseases | |
Arisaema propinquum Schott | Kida alu | 2400–3000 | H | Rh | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Rheumatism, stomach aches and snake bites |
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott | Kida alu | 1180–3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Veterinary diseases |
Colocasia affinis Schott | 1200–1700 | H | Corm/Rt | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Anti-inflammatory and Antiseptic | |
Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott | Lalkand | 1180–2000 | H | Tb | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Breast cancer, inflammation, arthritis, analgesic, antioxidant, wound healing, mastitis, abscesses, and swellings |
Araliaceae | ||||||||
Aralia cachemirica Dcne. | -- | 2500–3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Dysentery, gastric complaints and vomiting |
Hedera nepalensis Koch. | Mathodi, Grumru | 1180–2500 | Sh | Fr, Lf | Europe Afr Bor As Temp | -- | LC | Cold, cough, stimulant, diaphoretic, cathartic and rheumatism |
Arecaceae | ||||||||
Chamaerops humilis L. | Khajara | 1180-1500 | T | Rt, Lf, Fr | Ind Or | LC | Essential oil has asantibacterial, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, antilithiasic, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antioxidant, antityrosinase, and antihyperlipidemic activities | |
Apocynaceae | ||||||||
Marsdenia lucida Edgew. ex Madden | -- | 2000–2500 | Sh | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-carcinogenic |
Marsdenia roylei Wt. | -- | 2000-2500 | Sh | Rt, St | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Gonorrhoea, gastric troubles and peptic ulcers |
Aristolochiaceae | ||||||||
Aristolochia dilatata (Hk.f.) N.E.Br. | Kiramar | 1180–2500 | H | Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Inflammation, pain and snakebites |
Asclepiadaceae | ||||||||
Asclepias curassavica L. | -- | 1180-1200 | Sh | Rt, Lf, WP,Fl | Am Austr | -- | NT | Skin ulcers, wounds and dysentery |
Ceropegia wallichii Wt. | -- | 2500-2900 | H | Tu, Sd | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Deafness, urinary stones and as a nerve tonic |
Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. & Schultes | -- | 1300-1800 | Sh | St, WP | Ind Or | -- | NT | Inflammation, arthritis and muscle and joint pains and rickets |
Asparagaceae | ||||||||
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | Sansarpali | 1500-2700 | Sh | Tu, AP | Reg Himal Burma | -- | LC | Urinary problems |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. | Sansarpali | 1300-1700 | H | Tu | Ind Or Afr Trop Austr | -- | EN | Antihelminthic, aphrodisiac, rheumatism, bleeding from nose, cough, dysentery, febrifuge, gastric complaints, gonohorrea, headache, menustral complaints, snake bite, stomachache, tonic and urine complaints |
Asteraceae | ||||||||
Achillea millefolium L. | Fye Gandana | 1800-3000 | H | WP | Europe | -- | LC | Cold, diphtheria, epilepsy, fever, gastric complaints, hysteria, piles, stimulant, tonic, toothache, ulcer, carminative, tonic, stimulant, diuretic, kidney stones, nasal congestion and stomach diseases |
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. | -- | 1400-3000 | Sh | Lf | C Amer Mexico | -- | LC | Cuts, injuries, wounds and stomachache |
Ageratum conyzoides L. | Visadoori | 1180-2000 | H | Lf, Rt, Sd, Fr, Fl | Reg Trop | -- | LC | Antilithic for kidney stone, antiseptic, boils, burns, cancer, cuts, diarrohea, headache, leprosy, muscular pain, piles, ringworm, scabies, snake bite, sores, swellings, tumor, uterine disorders, hair problems and wounds |
Ainsliaea aptera DC. | Durwa | 2000-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Stomachache |
A. latifolia (D. Don) Sch.–Bip. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Colic |
Anaphalis contorta Hk. f. | -- | 1800-3000 | H | Fl | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Antibacterial and checks bleeding |
A. triplinervis (Sims.) Cl. | -- | 1500-3000 | H | WP, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Diuretic |
Artemisia absinthium L. | - | 2200-3000 | H | Lf, Fl | Europ | -- | LC | Antihelminthic, digestive aid, and in the preparation of absinthe |
Artemisia indica Willd. | Nagdauna | 2000–2500 | H | Lf, Fl, Rt | Ind Or, As | -- | LC | Nervous disorders, asthma, and wounds |
Artemisia japonica Thunb. | - | 1180-2500 | H | Lf | Japon | LC | Decoction, treatment of vaginitis, skin diseases | |
Artemisia nilagirica (Cl.) Pamp. | Kubsh | 1180-3000 | H | Lf, Rt, Sd | Reg Temp Bor | -- | LC | Abscess, analgesic, Antihelminthic, antiseptic, asthma, ear complaints, epilepsy, febrifuge, headache, nervous disorders, skin diseases, sores, stomachache, tonic and wounds |
| Drubaha | 2000-3000 | H | Lf | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Pimple and sores |
Artemisia vestita Wall. ex DC. | - | 2000-2600 | H | Lf | Reg Himal China | -- | LC | Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects |
Aster molliusculus (Lindl. ex DC.) C.B. Cl. | Mulaayam Tara Phool | 2000-2500 | H | Lf, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Amenorrhea |
Aster verticillatus (Reinw.) Brouillet, Semple & Y.L.Chen | -- | 1750-2750 | H | Fl, Rt | Java | -- | LC | Respiratory issues, digestive problems, and anti-inflammatory |
Bidens bipinnata L. | - | 2000-2500 | H | Lf, Rt, Sd | Reg Trop | -- | LC | Malaria, diarrhoea, dysentery, infections, laryngeal and bronchial diseases |
Bidens pilosa L. | - | 1500-2200 | H | WP | Ind Occ Am Austr | -- | LC | Cough, cuts, ear and eye complaints, headache, inflammation, leprosy, skin diseases, snake bite, sores and wounds |
Blumea laciniata (Roxb.) DC. | - | 1300-2000 | H | Lf | Ind Or Malaya China | -- | LC | Eczema and skin disease |
Carpesium nepalense Less. | - | 2000-2900 | H | Fr, AP | Europ As Temp | LC | Liver inflammation, skin infections and parasitic infections | |
Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. & Asch. | - | 1300-1700 | H | WP, Lf | As et Austr Trop Ins Pacif | -- | NT | Sinusitis, rhinitis, headaches, allergies, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antiviral |
Cirsium verutum D. Don | - | 1180-2200 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Urinary trouble, fever, stomach disorders, nosebleeds and throat aches |
Cirsium wallichii DC. | Bungsee, Tee cho | 1800-2500 | H | WP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Swelling, headache and pneumonia |
Conyza japonica (Thunb.) Less. ex Less. | -- | 1180 -1800 | H | Lf, AP | Ind Mal | -- | LC | Pneumonia, pleurisy, laryngitis, keratitis, dysentery, hepatitis, malaria, rheumatism, and sore throats, ringworm, skin infections, hemorrhages, gonorrhea, and bleeding piles |
Erigeron bellidioides Benth.* | - | 1200-2500 | H | WP | Reg Himal | LC | Blood purifier | |
Erigeron bonariensis L. | -- | 1180-1700 | H | Lf | Am Austr | -- | LC | Rheumatism, mouth, throat and skin diseases |
E. multiradiatus (DC.) Cl. | -- | 1180-2200 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Tonic, renal and stomach pain |
Erigeron trilobus (Decne.) Boiss. | - | 1180-2200 | H | WP | Ind Or Afr Trop | -- | LC | Balm for sores, eye medicine for dimness of sight, and as an astringent, diuretic and aid for kidneys or gout |
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. | -- | 1500-2500 | H | Lf | Mexic North Am | -- | LC | Snake bite and Bleeding |
Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Beauv.* | - | 1500-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Blood pressure and gastric disorders |
Gnaphalium affine D. Don | Dhoop | 1500-3000 | H | WP | Reg Magell | -- | LC | Antiperiodic, antitussive, expectorant, febrifuge, influenza, sore throat, productive coughing, rheumatoid arthralgia, traumatic injuries, leucorrhoea, seminal emissions, hives and weeping pruritis of the skin |
Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC. | Brunn | 1200-2500 | H | WP | As Trop | -- | LC | Cuts and wounds |
Hieracium lachenalii Suter | -- | 2000-2500 | H | Rt, Lf, WP | Eur | -- | NT | Digestive issues, liver ailments, and respiratory problems |
Jacobaea analoga (DC.) Veldkamp | 2500-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Inflammation of the mouth and sore throat | |
Jurinea heteromalla (D. Don) N.Garcia, Herrando & Susanna | 2200-2800 | H | Sd, Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Carminative, wounds and colic | |
Laphangium affine (D. Don) Tzvelev | -- | 1900-2600 | H | Rt | Reg Magell | -- | LC | Medicinal (Roots used as chest medicine) |
L. luteo-album (L.) Tzvelev | Gorbagare | 1180-2500 | H | Lf | Cosmop | -- | LC | Skin diseases, wounds and postnatal care |
Lactuca lessertiana (Wall. ex DC.) Wall. ex C.B.Cl. | Dhudhla | 2000-3000 | H | Lf, St | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Cold, digestion and skin problems |
Melanoseris macrorhiza (Royle) N. Kilian | - | 1800-3000 | H | Lf, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Treat fever from poisoning and liver/bile disorders |
Myriactis wallichii Less. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal As Centr | -- | LC | Rejuvenating tonic, styptic, aphrodisiac, and antioxidant, with cooling properties to treat bleeding, fever, phthisis, and burning sensations |
Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum (DC.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt. | Goi phul, Brunn | 1180-2200 | H | WP | As Trop | -- | LC | Cuts and wounds |
Parthenium hysterophorus L. | Gajar ghas | 1180–1600 | H | Lf,Fl, Rt,St | Amer Bor et Austr | -- | LC | Skin infections, dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, amoebic dysentery, tuberculosis, ague, rheumatism, neuralgia and pest control |
Saussurea deltoidea (DC.) Sch.-Bip. | - | 2800-3000 | H | Rt, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, and stomach issues |
Saussurea fastuosa (Decne) Sch.-Bip.* | - | 2800-3000 | H | Rt | Sibir | -- | NT | Coughs, colds, stomach problems and rheumatism |
Synotis cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) C. Jeffrey & Y.L. Chen | - | 2400-2800 | H | Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Indigestion, vomiting, biliousness, abdominal pains, and throat problems |
Senecio graciliflorus DC. | - | 2000-3000 | H | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin rashes and eruptions |
Senecio laetus Edgew. | -- | 2400-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Body swelling, sore throat, debility, antibacterial and antioxidant properties |
Sigesbeckia orientalis L. | -- | 2400-3000 | H | AP | As, Afr, Austr | -- | LC | Arthritis, joint pain, and muscle pain |
Solidago virga- aurea L. | -- | 1800-2800 | H | WP | Reg Bor Temp | -- | LC | Antihelminthic, antifungal. anti-inflammatory, carminative and diuretic, febrifuge |
Sonchus asper L. | -- | 1180-2000 | H | Lf | Cosmop | -- | LC | Cuts and wounds |
S. oleraceus L. | -- | 1180-1800 | H | Lf | Cosmop | -- | -- | Febrifuge, jaundice, galactogogue, liver complaint and tonic |
Synotis alata (Wall. ex DC.) C. Jeffrey & Y.L. Chen | - | 2700-3000 | H | Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin infections, as a laxative and for other ailments |
Synotis rufinervis (DC.) C. Jeffrey & Y.L. Chen | -- | 2100-3000 | Sh | Fl, Sd | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Digestive disorders |
Tagetes minuta L. | Jangli Genda | 1180-2500 | H | WP, Lf, Fl, Sd | Subtrop,Trop Amer | -- | LC | Herbal tea, skin treatments, digestive issues, colds and coughs |
Taraxacum campylodes G.E. Haglund | -- | 1180-2800 | H | WP | Am Trop | -- | LC | Blisters, blood purifier, bowel complaints, diuretic, dysentery, gastric, ulcer, headache, kidney diseases, liver complaints, tonic and wounds |
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg | Kanphul | 1180-2100 | H | WP | Reg Temp Bor et Austr | -- | LC | Blisters, blood purifier, bowel complaints, diuretic, dysentery, gastric, ulcer, headache, kidney diseases, liver complaints, tonic, wounds |
Xanthium strumarium L. | - | 1600-2100 | H | Fr, Sd | Cosmp | -- | LC | Rhinitis, sinusitis, headaches, arthritis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal |
Balsaminaceae | ||||||||
Impatiens amphorata Edgew. | Tiltara | 2000-3000 | H | St, Rt, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin afflictions, rheumatism, fractures, and fingernail inflammation |
Impatiens cristata Wall. | Tiltara | 2000-3000 | H | St, Rt, WP | As Bor Or | -- | LC | Lumbago, neuralgia, burns, scalds, rheumatism, fractures, superficial infections, bruises, beriberi and fingernail inflammation |
Impatiens glandulifera Royle | -- | 2200-3000 | H | Sd, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Cooling and tonic |
I. racemosa Hk. f. | -- | 1600-2700 | H | Sd, AP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Cough, cold and rheumatism |
I. scabrida DC. | -- | 1180-2600 | H | Sd, WP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Mucilaginous substance of the stem used in abortion. |
I. thomsonii Hk.f. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Fl, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Skin conditions and insect bites |
Begoniaceae | ||||||||
Begonia picta Sm. | - | 1180-2200 | H | WP, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Headaches, sore nipples, conjunctivitis, and peptic ulcers |
Berberidaceae | ||||||||
Berberis aristata DC. | Kasmal | 1800-2800 | Sh | WP | Ind Or | NE | VU | Antidote to snake bite, malaria and piles |
Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC. | Kashambal | 1200-2000 | Sh | Rt, Br | Reg Himal | -- | EN | Eye and ear diseases, rheumatism, jaundice and fever |
B. chitria Lindl. | Kashmal | 1600-2700 | Sh | Rt,Fr,Sd,Br | Ind Or | -- | VU | Peptic ulcers, Eye inflammations and Enteric infections |
B. glaucocarpa Stapf | -- | 2100-3000 | Sh | Rt, Br, Fr | Ind Or | -- | EN | Diabetes, Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic |
| Kashmal | 2600-3000 | Sh | Lf, Fr | Ind Or | -- | VU | Diabetes, arthritis, joint pain, stomach ulcers, jaundice and eye infections |
B. lycium Royle | Kasmal | 1180-2200 | Sh | Rt, Fr | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Jaundice and eye diseases |
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle | Bankakri | 2600-3000 | H | Rh | Reg Himal | E | EN | Anti-cancerous, hepatic stimulant and purgative |
Betulaceae | ||||||||
Alnus nepalensis D. Don | Kosh | 1180-2500 | T | Lf, Rt, Br | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Dysentery, stomach ache, diarrhoea, cuts, and wounds |
Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. | Kosh | 1180-2500 | T | Lf, St | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Cuts, wounds and stomachache |
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Shoed | 1800-2500 | T | Br, Lf | Reg Himal Japon | -- | VU | Skin disinfectant, diseases of the blood and ear, convulsions, wound healing, bronchitis and leprosy |
Boraginaceae | ||||||||
Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall.ex Benth. | Balraj | 1200-3000 | H | Rt | Ind Or Burma | NE | NT | Dyspepsia and digestive disorders |
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Foressk. | 1400-3000 | H | Lf, Rt | Arab | -- | LC | Diaphoretic, colic medicine for children, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, vermifuge and eye ailments | |
Cynoglossum microglochin Benth. | - | 2500-3000 | H | Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Cough, burns, wounds, ear infections, diuretic, expectorant, and vermifuge and eye ailments |
C. zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand | -- | 1200-3000 | H | Lf, Rt | Ind Or Malaya | -- | LC | Asthma, cough and vomiting |
Eritrichium nanum (L.) Schrad. ex Gaudin* | -- | 2600-3000 | H | WP | Ind Or | -- | LC | Facilitates children birth |
Hackelia uncinata (Benth.) Fisher | - | 2200-3000 | H | Fl | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Antitussive and expectorant, coughs, tumours in the womb, sores, wounds and swelling of the body |
Myosotis laxa ssp. caespitosa (Schultz) Hyl. ex Nordh. | - | 2400-2900 | H | WP | Reg Bor Temp Or | -- | LC | Astringent, ophthalmic properties, lotion for eye diseases and externally on wounds |
Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. | -- | 1180-1500 | H | WP, Rt, Fl, Lf | Ind Or | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-diarrheal, anti-spasmodic, anti-venom, corrosion inhibitor, and antimitotic |
Brassicaceae | ||||||||
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | -- | 1180-3000 | H | WP | Reg Temp | -- | LC | Diuretic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative rheumatism, lumbago and nervous disease |
Cardamine impatiens L. | Ban laiyya | 1800–2500 | H | St | Asia, Africa; Europe; North America | -- | LC | Tonic |
Crucihimalaya himalaica (Edgew.) | - | 2000-3000 | H | AP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Ulcers, body pain, and inflammation |
Lepidium apetalum Wild. | -- | 2500-2900 | H | Sd | Russia Sibir | -- | LC | Coughs, insomnia, edema, and diuretic |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. | - | 1800-3000 | H | Lf, Sd | Reg Bor Temp | -- | LC | Urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and coughs |
Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern | - | 1800-2300 | H | Lf, Sd | Ind Or China Malaya | -- | NT | Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and antifever |
Thlaspi arvense L. | -- | 1180-2500 | H | WP | Europe As Bor | -- | LC | Wounds, cuts, Pulmonary infection and swelling |
Caesalpiniaceae | ||||||||
Bauhinia vahlii Wt. & Arn. | Taur | 1180-1300 | Sh | Sd, Fr | Ind Or | -- | NT | Antifertility, dysentery, fatness, stomachache and tonic |
Bauhinia variegata L. | Kariyala/ Kachnar | 1180-1500 | T | Lf, Bk,Wd | Ind Or Burma China | -- | LC | Antioxidant and anticancer activity |
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. | -- | 1180-1400 | Sh | Rt, Bk, Sd | Cosmop Trop | -- | LC | Antihelminthic, stomachic, diuretic, anti-pyretic, febrifuge and expectorant |
Caesalpinia decapetala Roth. | -- | 1180-2200 | Sh | Sd, Rt, Br, Lf | As Trop | -- | LC | Malaria, dysentery, and neuralgia |
Cassia mimosoides L. | -- | 1180-1800 | Sh | Rt, Lf, Pulp | Cosmop Trop | LC | Constipation, common cold, fevers, skin disorders and intestinal disorders | |
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene | Patwa ghas | 1180-1800 | H | WP | Cosmop Trop | -- | LC | Coughs, burns, colic pain, wounds, diarrhoea and antibacterial |
Campanulaceae | ||||||||
Campanula pallida Wall. | -- | 2800–3000 | H | Lf, Fl, Rt, WP | Afg SC Chin, Indo-Chin | NE | LC | Expectorant, diuretic, pulmonary complaints, skin diseases, and abdominal problems |
Campanula latifolia L. | - | 2600-3000 | H | Lf, Fl, Sh | Europ Or As Temp | -- | VU | Coughs, tuberculosis and oral inflammation |
Cannabaceae | ||||||||
Cannabis sativa L. | Bhang | 1180-2000 | H | Lf, Bk, Sd, Fr, Fl, St | As Centr Reg Himal Bor Occ | -- | LC | Antihelminthic, appetizer, bowel complaints, cold, cough, convulsions, cramps, epilepsy, cuts, dyspepsia, ear complaints, eye diseases, gonorrhoea, laxative, narcotic, nervine stimulant, piles, skin diseases, sleep pills and sores |
Caprifoliaceae | ||||||||
Dipsacus inermis Wall. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Lf | Reg Himal, Ind, E. As | NE | LC | Leucoderma, digestion, skin infection, wound and leaves infusion to treat Acne |
Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC.* | - | 2500-3000 | H | St, Lf, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Indigestion, vomiting, and nausea |
Viburnum cotinifolium Don | Dab | 1600-3000 | Sh | Lf, Fr, Bk | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Menorrhoea |
V. erubescens Wall. ex DC. | 2000-3000 | Sh | Lf, Fr, Sd | Reg Himal Ind Or | -- | NT | Skin diseases, cough, scabies, liver cancer, burns, cuts, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, stomachache, and wounds | |
V. grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. | Padara | 2200-3000 | Sh | Lf, Br, Fl | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Wounds, malaria, diuretic, coughs and colds |
V. mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex Don | 1600-2800 | Sh | Fr, Sd, Br | Reg Himal | VU | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory | ||
V. nervosum D. Don | Tilenal | 2200-3000 | Sh | Lf, Br, Rt | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Fever, cough, wounds, scorpion bites and gonorrhoea |
Caryophyllaceae | ||||||||
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. | - | 2000-2500 | H | AP | Europe As | -- | LC | Kidney and bladder problems, diuretic, antitussive, febrifuge properties, dysentery, bladder complaints, calculus troubles, and cystitis |
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. | -- | 1180-3000 | H | Lf, St | Europe, W As, Cosmop | -- | LC | Asthma, blood disorders, conjunctivitis, constipation, inflammation, dyspepsia, skin ailments and obesity |
Drymaria cordata Edgew. & Hk. | -- | 1180-2100 | H | WP | Cosmop Trop | -- | LC | Asthma, burns, cold, dysentery, headache, hay fever, insect bites, laxative, sores, pneumonia, skin diseases, snake bite, stomachache, vomiting and wounds |
Gypsophila ceratioids D. Don | -- | 1700-2700 | H | WP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Backache, bodyache, headache, renal pain and cough |
Silene edgeworthii Bacq.* | - | 2000-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Colds, as an emollient, eye and skin problems, dysentery and anti-inflammatory |
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke | Gudhlu | 1800-3000 | H | Lf. Sht, Rt | Europ Or | -- | LC | Dysentery, bronchitis, gastritis, and kidney/bladder problems |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | Bariyala | 1180-2000 | H | WP | Reg Temp | -- | LC | Bone fracture |
Celastraceae | ||||||||
Euonymus tingens Wall. | Chopru / Jamana | 1700-2200 | T | Rt, Bk, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | EN | Dysentery, eye diseases, headache, chronic constipation and dyspepsia |
E. echinatus Wall. | -- | 2000-2500 | Sh | Rt, Lf, Fr,Br, Sd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Stimulant for sexual debility, eye problems, fevers, arthritis, neurological disorders, regulating menstruation, treating gynaecological diseases, diabetes and hypertension |
Chenopodiaceae | ||||||||
Chenopodium album L. | -- | 1180-2500 | H | Lf, Sd | Reg Temp et Trop | -- | LC | Revive taste, skin diseases and urine complaints |
Chenopodium botrys L. | Sokana | 1600-2200 | H | Lf, Sd | Reg Bor | -- | LC | Coughs, pectoral complaints, abdominal pain and antihelminthic |
Combretaceae | ||||||||
Terminalia chebula Retz. | -- | 1200-1600 | T | Fr | As Trop | -- | LC | Rejuvenative, laxative, astringent, piles, diarrhoea and dysentery |
Commelinaceae | ||||||||
Commelina paludosa Bl. | -- | 1180-2000 | H | WP | Ind Or Malaya | -- | LC | Insect stings |
Cyanotis cristata (L.)D. Don | -- | 1500-2000 | H | Rt, AP | Ind Or Malaya | -- | LC | Veterinary diseases |
Convolvulaceae | ||||||||
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. | Akash-Bel | 1180-1400 | H | Sh | Ind. Or | -- | LC | Bilious disorders, bodyache, itchy skin and jaundice |
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. | Sankhpushpi | 1180-1200 | H | WP | AmphigTrop | -- | LC | Bronchitis, leucoderma, epilepsy and ulcer |
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. | - | 1180-1200 | Sh | Rt, Lf, Sd, St | Am Austr | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic and wound-healing |
Ipomoea quamoclit L. | Nagarbel | 1180-1500 | H | Lf, Sd, Rt | Amphig Trop | -- | LC | Laxative, fever, piles, purgative and antidote |
Coriariaceae | ||||||||
Coriaria nepalensis Wall. | Fanai | 1180-2000 | T | St, Lf, Fr | Reg Himal China | -- | NT | Emetic and laxative |
Cornaceae | ||||||||
Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms. | - | 1500-2200 | T | Rt, Br, Lf, Fl | Ind Or China Japon | -- | NT | Rheumatism, skin diseases, diabetes and snakebites |
Crassulaceae | ||||||||
Crassula indica Dcne. | - | 1800-2800 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin conditions, wounds and minor skin irritations |
Rhodiola heterodonta (Hk. & Th.) A. Boriss. | -- | 2900-3000 | H | AP | Reg Himal | NE | EN | Aphrodisiac, stomachache and intestinal disorder |
Rosularia adenotricha (Wall. ex Edgew.) C.A. Jansson | - | 2000-3000 | H | Lf, Rt, St | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Wound healing |
Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) H. Ohba | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin disease |
Sedum ewersii Ledeb. | -- | 2500-3000 | H | Lf, St | Reg Himal Sibir Altaic | -- | LC | Toothache and appetizer |
Sedum multicaule Wall. ex Lindl. | -- | 1200-2500 | H | Lf, St, Rt | Reg Himal Sibir Altaic | -- | LC | Burns, scalds and sore throats |
Cucurbitaceae | ||||||||
Cayaponia laciniosa (L.) C. Jeffrey | Shivlingi | 1180-1400 | H | Rt, Sd | Ind Or | -- | NT | Pregnancy, fever, cold and rheumatism |
Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Ser.) C.B. Cl. | -- | 2000-2500 | H | Sd, Rt, Prcp | Reg Himal China Myan Nep | -- | NT | Anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatitis B virus, anti-cholestatic and antioxidant |
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi | -- | 1180-2000 | H | Fr | As Trop et Sub Trop | -- | VU | Burns, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, pneumonia, rheumatism, snake bite, vomiting |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. | -- | 1180-2300 | H | Lf, Rt, Sd, Fr | Cochinch | -- | VU | Burns, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, pneumonia, rheumatism, snake bite and vomiting |
Cuscutaceae | ||||||||
Cuscuta europaea L. | 2500-3000 | H | WP, Sd, St | Europ Or | -- | LC | Vision, kidney and liver function, and treat stomach problems, bone fractures, chronic diarrhea, and heart issues | |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. | Akash bel | 1180-2500 | H | WP | Ind Or | -- | LC | Bodyache, burns, cuts, nervine tonic, swelling of legs, veterinary diseases |
Dioscoreaceae | ||||||||
Dioscorea belophylla Voigt. ex Haines. | Tardi | 1180-1800 | H | Blb | Guiana | -- | NT | Dysentery, syphilis, ulcers, leprosy, diabetes, asthma, and cancer, sore throat, boils, tumor Analgesic and anti-inflammatory, contraceptives |
D. bulbifera L. | Tardi | 1180-2000 | H | Tu | As Trop | -- | NT | Abdominal pain, boils, bone fracture, dysentery, piles, jaundice |
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb. | Shingali-Mingali | 1600-3000 | H | Tu | Ind Or | NE | EN | Dysentery, piles, abdominal pain, wounds, burns, anemia, expectorant and sedative |
Dioscorea melanophyma Prain & Burkill | -- | 1500-2400 | H | Tu | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Cough, cold, stomach ache, leprosy, burns, fungal infections, dysentery, skin diseases, rheumatism, arthritis, Haemoptysis, epistaxis, sexual vigor pharyngitis, goiter, scrofula, sprains, and injuries |
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. | -- | 1180–2000 | H | Tu | Ind Or Malaya | -- | VU | Skin infections, Swellings, Intestinal colic, Biliary colic, Flatulence, Menstrual cramps, Rheumatoid arthritis, Fractured bones, Abdominal pain, Body weakness |
Ehretiaceae | ||||||||
Ehretia acuminata R.Br. | Bakli/ Bakaar/ Banchaula | 1180-2000 | T | Bk, Fr, Wd | As et Austr Trop | -- | NT | Sores on tongue |
Elaeagnaceae | ||||||||
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. | Geai | 1180-1800 | Sh | Fl, Fr | Ind Or | NE | NT | Sores, ulcer |
Ericaceae | ||||||||
Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don* | - | 2100-3000 | Sh | Lf | Reg Himal Java | -- | LC | Heumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties |
G. trichophylla Royle | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Lf, Fr | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Cough, cold |
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude | Airean, Ehran Allan,Anyar | 1180-2800 | T | WP | Reg Himal Japan | -- | NT | Boils, pimples, skin diseases, wormifuge, wounds |
Rhododendron arboreum Sm. | Brash,burans | 1400-2700 | T | Fl, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Dysentery, fever, headache, rheumatism, wounds |
Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don * | Shargal | 2600-3000 | Sh | Lf, Fl, Rt, Tw | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Coughs, colds, headaches, fever, rheumatism, sciatica, skin diseases, throat pain, and body aches |
Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G. Don | Talshi | 2700-3000 | Sh | Lf, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Headaches, pain, blood purification |
Euphorbiaceae | ||||||||
Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh | Danti | 1180-1500 | Sh | Lf,Sd,Rt | Ind Or Malaya | -- | LC | Antihelminthic, alexiteric, diuretic, asthma and bronchitis |
Euphorbia hirta L. | Dudhli | 1180-1800 | H | Wp | Amphig Trop | LC | Antidote in snake bite, asthma, boils of mouth, kidney disease, pain in joints, veterinary. bone fracture | |
E. pilosa L. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | WP | Europe As Bor | -- | LC | Fistular sores |
E. stracheyi Boiss. | -- | 2600-3000 | H | AP, La | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Rheumatism |
Falconeria insignis Royle | Dudhla | 1180-1900 | T | La | Ind Or | -- | LC | Germicidal |
Jatropha curcas L. | Safed arand | 1180-1500 | Sh | Lf, Sd | Afr. Trop | -- | NT | Burns, wounds |
Leptopus cordifolius Decne. | -- | 1180-2400 | Sh | Lf, Fl | Reg Himal, Ind, NE Pak | -- | LC | Antihyperlipidemic, Antioxidant, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory |
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.-Arg | Kambal | 1180-1500 | T | Sd, Fr | As et Austr Trop | -- | LC | Blisters, Boils, Skin diseases, Snake bite |
Phyllanthus emblica L. | Aambla | 1180-1400 | T | Fr | As. Trop | -- | NT | Cures digestive disorders, Fever, Inhance longevity, hair growth, Eye diorder, reduced blood glucose, strengthen the heart |
Ricinus communis L. | Arand | 1180-1600 | Sh | Sd, Rt, Lf, Fr | Reg Trop | -- | LC | Antidote, boils, burns, cholera, constipation, contraceptive, dysentery, gum troubles, headache, heat stroke, injury, intestinal worms, joint pain, laxative, muscular pain, purgative, sciatica, skin diseases, sores |
Falconeria insignis Royle | Dudhla | 1180-1400 | T | La | Ind Or | -- | LC | Germicide |
Fabaceae | ||||||||
Abrus precatorious L. | Rati | 1180-1400 | H | Sd, Lf, Rt | Ind Or Malaya | -- | NT | Abortificient, Cold, Cough, itching, tootache |
Astragalus chlorostachys Lindl* | - | 1500-2500 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Adaptogenic, immunostimulant, and anti-inflammatory |
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. | Dhak | 1200-1600 | T | Sd,Fl,Bk,Lf | Ind Or Burma | -- | VU | Cold,cough,fever,menustral disorders,leucorrhea,boils |
Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) H.Ohashi | -- | 1180-1600 | H | Rt, Lf, Fr | As Trop | -- | NT | Rheumatism, wounds |
Crotalaria albida Roth. | -- | 1180-1800 | H | Rt | Ind Or | -- | LC | Purgative |
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. | Tahli | 1180-1600 | T | Lf, Bk, Wd, Rt | Ind Or Afghanistan | -- | LC | Astringent, gonorrohoea, skin diseases, boils |
Desmodium elegans DC. | Chagla, Kathi | 1180-2700 | Sh | AP, Rt, Wd | Reg Himal China | -- | LC | Epilepsy, carminative |
D. gangeticum (L.) DC. | Chagla | 1180-2200 | Sh | WP | As Trop Austr | -- | VU | Antidote to snake venom, asthma, bronchitis, cough, dysentery, eye infection, fever, tonic, vomiting |
D. microphyllum (Thunb.) DC. | -- | 1180-2000 | H | Rt | As Trop Austr | -- | LC | Abortifacient |
Flemingia semialata Roxb. | -- | 1180-1700 | Sh | Rt, Lf | As Trop | -- | LC | Ulcer, neck swelling |
F. strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton | -- | 1180-2000 | H | Rt, Lf | Ind Or Malaya | -- | LC | Epilepsy |
F. fruticulosa Wall. ex Benth. | -- | 1180–2000 | Sh | Rt,Lf, FL | As Trop | -- | LC | Epilepsy, dysentery, stomach ache, insomnia, and tuberculosis |
Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brand. | Kali Kathi | 1180-2800 | Sh | Lf, Wd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Veterinary diseases, urinary problems |
I. hebepetala Benth. ex Baker | -- | 2000-3000 | Sh | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin conditions, respiratory diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders |
Lathyrus aphaca L. | -- | 1180-1200 | H | Sd | As Trop | -- | NT | Cough, diarrhoea |
Parochetus communis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. | -- | 1800-2800 | H | Fl | Ind Or Malaya Afr Trop | -- | LC | Stomach disorders, earache |
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | -- | 1600-2500 | H | WP | As Trop | -- | LC | Abdominal pain, cold, cough, fever, snake bite |
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. | -- | 1180-1600 | H | WP | As et Afr Trop | -- | NT | Skin disordered, filariasis, wound, scabies, eczema, worms, anorexia |
Trifolium repens L. | -- | 1180-3000 | H | WP | Geront BorTemp | -- | LC | Astringent |
Trigonella fimbriata Benth. | - | 1300-1900 | H | Sd, Lf | Ind Or China | -- | LC | Diabetes, reduce cholesterol, and improve lactation |
Vigna vexillata (L.) A.Rich. | -- | 2000-2800 | H | Rt, Sd | Geront Trop | -- | NT | Cholera, ulcers |
Fumariaceae | ||||||||
Corydalis cornuta Royle | -- | 2400-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Reduce body swelling, inflammation, fever |
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley | -- | 1180-1800 | H | WP | Europe Afr Bor | -- | LC | Diarrhoea, fever, liver complaints |
Gentianaceae | ||||||||
Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Rt, Br | Reg Himal, Ind, E. As | -- | LC | Digestion, Inflammation, Fever, Wound healing, Appetite |
Gentiana capitata Buch. - Ham. ex D.Don | 1500-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Headache, intermittent fever | |
Gentiana decemfida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | -- | 1800-2500 | H | Rt, Br | Reg Argent | -- | LC | Digestive issues, Fever, High blood pressure, Appetite |
G.carinata Griseb. | -- | 2800-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Headache, fever |
Swertia angustifolia Buch.- Ham. ex D.Don | -- | 1600-2400 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Malarial fever |
S. cordata (G.Don) Wall. ex C.B. Cl. | Charaite | 2500-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Antihelminthic, antiperiodic, appetitzer, laxative |
S. paniculata Wall. | Charaite | 2000-2600 | H | WP | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Fever |
Geraniaceae | ||||||||
Geranium nepalense Sw. | Jibru ghass | 1500-3000 | H | Rt | Ind Or China | -- | LC | Cuts, jaundice, toothache, ulcer, wounds, stomach complaints |
G. pratens L. | -- | 2200-3000 | H | WP | Europe As Bor | -- | LC | Cough, gastric, cough, headache |
G. wallichianum D.Don ex Sw. | Laljari | 2000-3000 | H | WP Rt | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Astringent, toothache, eye troubles, heal the cuts |
Gesneriaceae | ||||||||
Platystemma violoides Wall. | 2300-3000 | H | St, Lf, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Boils, pimples, and muscular swellings | |
Grossulariaceae | ||||||||
Ribes alpestre Wall. ex Decne. | Chalendhar | 2000-3000 | Sh | Fr, Rt | China Xizang | -- | VU | Jaundice,joint pain, inflammation and arthritis |
Hippocastanaceae | ||||||||
Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hk. | Khanor | 1800-2600 | T | Sd, Bk,Rt | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Rheumatism, digestive issues, skin problems, Fever and Anemia |
Hydrangeaceae | ||||||||
Philadelphus tomentosus Wall. ex G. Don | -- | 2000-3000 | Sh | Lf, Fl, Br | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory |
Hypericaceae | ||||||||
Hypericum japonicum Thunb. | -- | 1600-2600 | H | WP | As Temp Or Austr As | -- | LC | Skin diseases |
H. oblongifolium Choisy | Kharau | 1180-2200 | Sh | Lf, Fl | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Wounds, boils |
H. perforatum L. | -- | 1900-2400 | H | Rt | Europe As Bor | -- | EN | Wounds, boils |
H. uralum Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don | Bani Wakra | 1800-2500 | Sh | Sd, Lf | Reg Himal China Japan | -- | LC | Food poisoning, abortifacient |
Hypoxidaceae | ||||||||
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. | -- | 1180-2000 | H | Rh | As Trop | -- | LC | Aphrodisiac, alterative, appetizer, useful in piles, jaundice and colic disorders |
Hypoxis aurea Lour. | -- | 1600-2000 | H | WP | Cochinch | -- | NT | Injuries, swelling |
Iridaceae | ||||||||
Iris milesii Foster | Zora gha | 2100-2700 | H | Rh | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties |
Iris hookeriana Foster* | - | 2500-3000 | H | Rh | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Rheumatism, insomnia, and parasitic infections |
Iris kumaonensis Wall. ex D. Don | - | 2500-3000 | H | Sd, Fl | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Tinnitus and weakening eyesight, analgesic, anthelmintic, and vermifuge properties |
Juglandaceae | ||||||||
Juglans regia L. | Akhrot | 1600-2000 | T | Fr,Rt,Lf, Fl | As Occ Reg Himal | NE | VU | Diabetes, rheumatic pain, fever, skin problems, and even some infections |
Juncaceae | ||||||||
Juncus articulatus L. | - | 1800-3000 | H | Fl, Fr, Rt, St | Europ Austr | -- | LC | Diuretic,woman's diseases, diarrhea, sedative, hypnagogic, spasmolytic, local anesthetic, and anticancer properties |
Juncus concinnus D. Don | - | 2000-3000 | H | St | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Sore throats, jaundice, and swelling |
Lamiaceae | ||||||||
Ajuga integrifolia Buch. -Ham. ex D.Don | Neel kanthi | 1180-2600 | H | Lf | Afr Trop Ind Or As | NE | NT | Ascariasis, astringent, wounds, diarrhea, diabetes |
Ajuga parviflora Benth.* | Neel kanthi | 1180-1500 | H | Lf | Afr Trop Ind Or As | -- | LC | Febrifuge |
Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze | -- | 1180-1500 | H | Lf | Ind Or | -- | LC | Rheumatism, skin eruptions, snake bites |
Clinopodium umbrosum K. Koch. | -- | 1180-2700 | H | WP | Oriens Ind Or | -- | LC | Astringent, carminative, heart tonic |
Clinopodium vulgare L. | -- | 1800-3000 | H | Lf, Fl | Europe, Asia, N. Africa | -- | LC | Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory,Antioxidant,Antitumor, Wound healing,Skin irritation, Gastric ulcers, Diabetes, Mastitis, Prostatitis |
Craniotome furcata (Link) Kuntze | -- | 1180-2500 | H | AP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Antimicrobial |
Elsholtzia flava (Benth.) Benth. | Pothi, Jaunkra | 1600-2000 | H | Lf | Reg Himal | E | LC | Skin diseases, Ointment, stomachache |
E. fruticosa (Don) Rehd. | Pothi, Jaunkra | 1600-3000 | Sh | Lf, Fr, Sd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Relieve sciatica |
E. strobilifera Benth. | -- | 1600-2700 | H | Lf, Inf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Internal burns |
Isodon coetsa (Buch - Ham. ex D.Don) Kudo | Chichri | 2000-2500 | H | Lf | Reg Himal Burma | -- | LC | Gastric complaints |
Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd | -- | 1500-2600 | Sh | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Fever |
Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H. Hara. | - | 2000-2600 | H | Lf, St | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Hepatitis, jaundice, cholecystitis, enteritis, and dysentery |
Lamium album L. | -- | 1800-3000 | H | Fl,Lf, St,AP | Europe, Asia | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antioxidant, Antispasmodic, Diuretic, Haemostatic, and Wound healing |
Leucas lanata Benth. | -- | 1180-2800 | H | WP | Ind Or China | NE | LC | Headache, stomach-ache, wounds |
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. | Podina | 1180-3000 | H | Lf, WP | Europe As Bor | -- | LC | Antiseptic, carminative, stimulant, wounds |
Mentha piperita L. | -- | 1180-1800 | H | Lf | Europe As et Afr Bor | -- | LC | Indigestion, malarial fever |
Micromeria biflora (Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don.) Benth. . | -- | 1180-2100 | H | Lf | Ind Or Arab Afr Trop | -- | LC | Cold, gastroenteritis |
Nepeta ciliaris Benth. | -- | 2000-2600 | H | AP, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Fever, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antispasmodic, Anti-tussive, Diuretic |
Nepeta govaniana (Wall. ex Benth.) Benth. | -- | 2400-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic |
Nepeta royleana Stew. | -- | 2000-2800 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Cerebral tonic, Mental Disorders |
Origanum vulgare L. | Bantulsi | 1180-3000 | H | WP | Europe As | -- | LC | Cold, fever, hysteria, influenza, menstrual complaints, stimulant, tonic,rubifacient,colic,diarrhea,rheumatism,toothache |
Phlomoides bracteosa (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Fl | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Eye diseases |
P. mollis (Falc. ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm | -- | 1180-1500 | H | Sd | Ind Or | -- | LC | Rheumatism, tonic |
Pogostemon benghalense Kuntze | -- | 1800-2300 | Sh | Lf | Ind Or | NE | LC | Cuts, fever |
Prunella vulgaris L. | Patindu | 2000-3000 | H | WP | Reg Temp | -- | LC | Breathing problems, lung complaints, cerebral complaints, cold, fever, gastric complaints, headache, liver complaints |
Roylea cinerea (D. Don) Baill | Karnait | 1180-1700 | Sh | Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Blood purifier, fever, pimples, tonsils |
Salvia lanata Roxb.* | Gawandru | 1400-2500 | H | Rt, Sd,St, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Colds, coughs, dysentery, hemorrhoids, colic, and boils |
Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Astringent, emetic |
Salvia nubicola Wall. ex Sw. | -- | 1400-2800 | H | Lf, Rt | Europe Austr Oriens Reg Himal | NE | NT | Wounds, cold, cough |
Scutellaria scandens D. Don | -- | 1180-2100 | H | Lf, Fl | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Dysentery, vomiting |
Stachys melissifolia Benth. | -- | 2100-3000 | H | AP,WP,Lf,Tu | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, gastrointestinal problems, colds, and respiratory conditions. |
Stachys sericea Cav. | - | 2000-3000 | H | Fl, Lf | Chili | -- | LC | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial |
Thymus linearis Benth. | Ban jira Jangli ajwain | 2000-3000 | H | WP | Europe As et Afr Bor | -- | LC | Antihelminthic, eye disorders, postnatal problems, liver complaints, skin diseases, stomach ache, vermicidal, menstruation, toothache |
Lauraceae | ||||||||
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch. -Ham.) Th. Nees & C.H. Eberm., | -- | 1180-1600 | T | Bk, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Heart & throat complaints |
Machilus duthiei King ex J. D. Hooker | -- | 1500-3000 | T | Lf, Rt, Br, Sd | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Asthma, bronchitis, indigestion and abdominal pain |
Neolitsea pallens (D.Don) Momi. & Hara ex Hara | Chinchari, Pangain, Paror | 1500-2800 | T | Fr, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Scabies, eczema |
Liliaceae | ||||||||
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | -- | 2200-3000 | Sh | Rt,St | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Antipyretic, Antitussive, Diuretic, Expectorant, Nervine,) Stomachic,Tonic,Fertility, Menstrual cramps, Milk production |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. | -- | 1180-1800 | Sh | Rt | Ind, Sri Lanka, SE As | -- | LC | Galactagogue, tonic, diuretic, dyspepsia, bleeding disorders, cough, and diabetes |
Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) LaFrankie | -- | 2100-3000 | H | WP,Rh | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Anti- tumour |
Paris polyphylla Sm. | Kshir-Kakoli | 1200-2200 | H | Rh | Reg Himal China | -- | VU | Analgesic and hemostatic properties |
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle | Salam-Mishri | 2500-3000 | H | Tu | Reg Himal As Bor | NE | LC | Aphrodisiac, blood purifier, cuts, wounds |
P. verticillatum (L.) All. | Salam-Mishri | 2000-3000 | H | Tu | Europe As Bor | -- | NT | Aphrodisiac, appetite, nervine tonic, tonic |
Linaceae | ||||||||
Reinwardtia indica Dumort. | Piyan | 1180-1800 | Sh | AP | Ind Or | NE | LC | Mouth sores |
Loranthaceae | ||||||||
Viscum album L. | Rhini | 1180-2000 | Sh | WP | Europe As Temp | -- | NT | Abortifacient, antifertility, bodyache, spleen complaints |
Lythraceae | ||||||||
Ammannia baccifera L. | Dadarbutti | 1180-1300 | H | WP | Geront. | -- | NT | Skin infection, wounds, swelling, fever |
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. | Dhwe | 1400-1700 | Sh | St, Fl, Rt | As et Afr Trop | -- | LC | Bone fracture, burns, cholera, cough, dropsy, dysentery, fever, haemorrhage, injuries, mennorhoea, muscle pain, nausea, night blindness, fever, rheumatism, skin disease, small pox, sores, spleen complaints, sprain, ulcer wounds, veterinary sores |
Malvaceae | ||||||||
Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medikus | -- | 1180-1500 | H | Bk, Fl, Lf | Geront Trop | -- | LC | Emmenagogue, Odontalgic, Vulnerary |
Althaea officinalis L. | Khatmi | 1180-1300 | H | WP | Europe Oriens | -- | LC | Sprains,aching muscles, insect bites, skin inflammations, splinters |
Bombax ceiba L. | Sembal | 1300-1600 | T | Rt, Bk, Lf, Gum | Am Austr | -- | LC | Acne, pimples, anaemia, antifertility, aphrodisiac, boils, bone fracturechicken pox, cholera, cough, diarrohea, fever, gum problem, inflammation, skin diaeases, leprosy, tonic, urine complaint |
Malva parviflora L. | - | 1180-1400 | H | Lf, Rt, Sd | As Afr Europ | -- | LC | Wound healing, inflammation, and digestive issues |
Malva verticillata L. | -- | 1180-2000 | H | WP | Europe As et Afr Bor | -- | LC | Cough, emollient pectoral complaints, piles, ulcer, urine complaints |
M. neglecta Wallr. | Kubaji | 2000-3000 | H | Lf, Fl, Fr, Rt | Europe, Asia, Africa | -- | NT | Cooling drug, piles |
Sida cordifolia L. | -- | 1700-2200 | H | WP | Reg Trop | -- | LC | Arthritis, ashma, bronchitis, burning sensenation, rheumatism, fever |
Urena lobata L. | -- | 1180-1600 | Sh | Rt, St | Reg Trop | -- | LC | Diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatism, body pain |
Mimosaceae | ||||||||
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. | Khair | 1180-1700 | T | Bk | Ind Or | -- | LC | Astrigent, diarrhea, Skin diseases, Chronic fever |
A. nilotica (L.) Delile | Kikker | 1180-1500 | T | Bk, Lf | Afr As Trop | -- | LC | Ulcers, dysentery, tootache, diabetes |
Albizzia lebbek Benth. | Siris | 1180-1500 | T | Fl,Sd, Bk,Rt, Lf | Geront Trop | -- | LC | Boils, Diarrhoea, dysentery, gonorrhea, eye sores, night blindness, piles, swelling |
Melastomataceae | ||||||||
Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex Don | Kubsh | 1400-2000 | Sh | Rt, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Cough, digestion, dysentery, nose bleeding, snake bite, wounds, stomachache, toothache |
Meliaceae | ||||||||
Melia azedarach L. | Darek | 1180-1700 | T | Lf,Fr, Sd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin diseases, rheumatism, antiseptic, wormicide, abortifacient |
Toona ciliata M.Roem. | Tooni, Tun | 1180-1600 | T | Bk, Fr, Lf | Malaya Austr | -- | LC | Antiseptic, dysentery, bronchitis, fever, gastric troubles |
Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. | Tooni | 2000-2500 | T | St | Malaya Austr | -- | LC | Antiseptic, gastric troubles |
Menispermaceae | ||||||||
Cocculus laurifolius DC. | -- | 1180-1500 | T | WP, Rt, Lf | Ind Or, Burma | -- | LC | Headaches, hypertension, abdominal pain, rheumatic pain, and scalp wounds |
Cissampelos pariera L. | -- | 1180-2000 | H | WP | Reg Trop | -- | LC | Stomachache, tonic, diuretic & antilithic, astringent, dropsy, urinary diseases |
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. | Bis-khapar | 1180-1600 | H | Tu | As Trop | -- | LC | Asthma, dysentery, fever |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. | Gilloy | 1180-1600 | H | WP | Ind Or Malaya | -- | LC | Gout, skin diseases, anemia, chronic fever, jaundice, constipation, dyspepsia, leprosy, diabetes, rheumatic disorders |
Monotropaceae | ||||||||
Monotropa hypopitys L. | -- | 2400-3000 | H | Lf, St, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Eye tonic, Sedative, Analgesic, Love potion, General tonic, Colds and fevers, Bunions and warts |
Moraceae | ||||||||
Ficus palmata Forsk. | Fegra | 1180-1800 | T | Fr, Lf | Afr Trop Arab Ind Or | -- | LC | Digestive disorders |
F. racemosa L. | Umreya | 1180-1500 | T | Fr, La | Ind Or Burma | -- | LC | Styptic, burning sensation, leprosy, asthma, piles |
Myricaceae | ||||||||
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Kaphal | 1400-2400 | T | Bk,Fr,Wd | As Trop et Sub Trop | -- | NT | Asthma, cholera, cough, fever, indigestion, malaria, rheumatism |
Myrsinaceae | ||||||||
Myrsine africana L. | Kanaru | 1600-2500 | Sh | AP | Reg Himal Afr Austr et Trop Ins Azor | -- | LC | Colic pain, vermifuge |
Myrtaceae | ||||||||
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels | Jamun | 1200-1600 | T | Bk,Fr,Lf | Temp Trop Asia | -- | NT | Anti-inflammatory, diabetes, dysentery |
Oleaceae | ||||||||
Jasminum dispermum Wall. | Banmalti | 1500-2000 | Sh | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Cuts, wounds |
J. humile L. | Banmalti | 1600-3000 | Sh | Fl, Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin diseases, blood diseases, heart problems |
J. officinale L. | Banmalti Chameli | 1180-3000 | Sh | Fl, Lf, Rt | Ind Bor Occ China | -- | NT | Ringworm |
Olea ferruginea Royle | Kahu,Jaitoon | 1300-1600 | T | LF,Fr | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Decoction of the leaves for toothache |
Onagraceae | ||||||||
Circaea alpina L | -- | 2200-3000 | H | WP | Europe As Bor Am Bor | -- | LC | Treatment of wound |
Epilobium angustifolium L. | -- | 1800-3000 | H | WP | Europe As Bor Am Bor | -- | LC | Abdominal pain, hepatic, intestinal and renal complaints |
Epilobium brevifolium D.Don | -- | 2500-3000 | H | Lf, Rt,Fl, Sd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin conditions, gastrointestinal issues, minor burns, skin rashes, ulcers, and other skin irritations,gastrointestinal and bronchial complaints |
Epilobium laxum Royle | - | 2000-3000 | H | Lf, Rt | Europ | -- | LC | Astringent, demulcent, emollient, |
Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton | -- | 1500-2800 | H | Lf | Am Trop | -- | LC | Hepatic pain, kidney Problems |
Orchidaceae | ||||||||
Calanthe plantaginea Lindl. | -- | 1800-2800 | H | Lf,Bb | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Sores, eczema, aphrodisiac |
C. tricarinata Lindl. | -- | 2200-2500 | H | Tu | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, and hair restoration |
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soó | -- | 2600-3000 | H | Tu | Reg Himal | NE | CR | Astringent, bone fracture, expectorant, tonic, wounds |
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz | -- | 1600-2200 | H | Lf, Rh | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Fever, aphrodisiac |
Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl. | -- | 2800-3000 | H | Rh, WP | Asia, Africa | -- | EN | Tonic, pain relief, anti-aging |
Goodyera biflora (Lindl.) Hk.f. | -- | 1900-2400 | H | Rt, Blb, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Burns, bronchitis, fever, tuberculosis and tonic |
G. repens (L.) R. Br. | -- | 2400-3000 | H | AP | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Syphilis, blood purifier |
Habenaria marginata Colebr. | -- | 1180-1500 | H | Tu | Ind Or | -- | LC | Flatulence |
Habenaria pectinata (Sm.) D. Don | -- | 1500-2000 | H | Lf,Tu | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Snake bites and arthritis |
Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk | -- | 1500-3000 | H | Bb | Java | -- | LC | Urinary diseases |
Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. | - | 2000-3000 | H | Rt, AP | Europ As Bor | -- | VU | Coughs, colds, lung illnesses, Wound Healing, Inflammation |
Herminium monophyllum (D.Don) P.F.Hunt & Summerh | -- | 1800-2000 | H | Tu, St,WP | Reg Himal | VU | Skin, digestive, and respiratory issues | |
Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. | - | 1600-2500 | H | Blb, Sd, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Immunomodulatory, rejuvenative, brain tonic,Antidysenteric and Styptic |
Neottia listeroides Lindl. | - | 1800-3000 | H | Rt, Rh, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Wound healing |
Neottia tenuis (Lindl.) Szlach. | -- | 2800-3000 | H | Tu | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Bronchitis, fever, tuberculosis, and weakness |
Herminium edgeworthii (Hook.f. ex Collett) X.H.Jin, Schuit., Raskoti & Lu Q.Huang | -- | 2000-2800 | H | Tu | Ind Or | NE | NT | Blood purifier, tonic |
Satyrium nepalense D.Don | -- | 1600-3000 | H | Tu | Ind Or | -- | NT | Malaria, dysentery and tonic |
Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. | -- | 1180-2800 | H | Tu | China | -- | LC | Tuberculosis, haemoptysis, debility, snake bite, sore throat, cough, leucorrhea, diabetes |
Orobanchaceae | ||||||||
Boschniakia himalaica Hk.f. & Th. ex Hk.f. | - | 2700-3000 | H | WP, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Regulating Vital Energy, Pain relief, Cough and Sputum relief |
Oxalidaceae | ||||||||
Oxalis corniculata L. | Malori | 1180-2200 | H | WP | Amphig Temp et Trop | -- | LC | Appetizer, cooling, cough, cuts, dysentery, epilepsy, eye complaints, fever, jaundice, scurvy, skin diseases, stomachache, swelling |
Oxalis debilis Kunth | - | 1700-2500 | H | WP | Ins Mascar | -- | LC | Dyspepsia and jaundice |
O. latifolia Kunth | -- | 1500-2500 | H | WP | Mexico | -- | LC | Cuts, dysentery, fever, insect bite, scurvy, skin disease, stomachache, warts |
Papaveraceae | ||||||||
Argemone mexicana L. | -- | 1180-1500 | H | Sd,Rt | Am Bor Mexico | -- | LC | Emetic, wormicide, leucorrhoea |
Parnassiaceae | ||||||||
Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle | -- | 2700-3000 | H | Tu | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Food poisoning, snake bite |
Phryma leptostachya L. | - | 2000-2800 | H | Rt | As Bor Reg Himal Am Bor | -- | LC | Sores, boils, carbuncles, and cancers |
Pittosporaceae | ||||||||
Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle | Thira | 1180-1300 | T | Br, Rt | Reg Himal | E | EN | Bronchitis, rheumatism, swelling |
Phytolaccaceae | ||||||||
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. | Zharka | 1800-3000 | H | Lf | Reg Himal China | NE | NT | Body pain |
Plantaginaceae | ||||||||
Plantago asiatica ssp. erosa (Wall.) Z.Yu Li. | Isabagol | 2200-3000 | H | Lf, Sd | Europ As et Am Bor | -- | LC | Stomach problems, urinary inflammation, diuretic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory |
Plantago depressa Willd. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Lf,Sd | Trop, Subtrop, Ind, Sri Lanka | -- | LC | Laxative, Wound healing, nake bite antidote, Cough, bronchitis, Fever, diarrhoea,dysentery |
Plantago himalaica Pilg. | Isabgol | 2900-3000 | H | Sd | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Dysentery, chronic fever, rheumatism, cough, cold |
P. lanceolata L. | Isabgol | 2000-2800 | H | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Blood purifier |
Wulfeniopsis amherstiana (Benth.) D.Y. Hong | -- | 1500-2700 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Stomach disorders, inflammations or wound healing |
Poaceae | ||||||||
Apluda mutica L. | Mushkneti | 1400-2500 | H | WP | As Trop Pdynes Austr | -- | LC | Mouth sores |
Arundinella nepalensis Trin. | Garein | 1180-2000 | H | WP | Ind Or | -- | LC | Ointment |
Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats. | Dantu ghass | 1180-1600 | H | Lf | Reg Trop | -- | LC | Biliousness, rheumatism, skin diseases |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Doob | 1180-2500 | H | WP | Cosmop | -- | LC | Cramps, dropsy, dysentery, hysteria, headache, menstrual complaints, piles, sores, tonic, urinary complaints, wounds |
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.)Stapf. | Kusha | 1200-1700 | H | WP | Madag | -- | LC | Diuretic, astringent,urino-genital,dysentery, diarrhea,skin disease,blood purifier |
Eleusine indica Gaertn. | -- | 1180-1800 | H | WP | Cosmop Trop et Sub Trop | -- | LC | Fever |
Heteropogon contortus L. | Kumbri | 1180-1700 | H | WP | Ind Or | -- | LC | Asthma, dysentery, fever, muscular pain, piles, rabies, snake bite, toothache |
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. | -- | 1180-1900 | H | AP, Rt | Reg Calid | -- | LC | Antidote, fever, intestinal parasites, liver complaints, piles, tonic |
Saccharum filifolium Nees ex Steud* | Philoo | 2000-2500 | H | St, Rt | Ind Or | LC | Skin problems, wounds, and fever | |
Saccharum spontaneum L. | Surah | 1180-2000 | H | Lf | Geront Trop | -- | LC | Asthma, cholera |
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. | -- | 1500-2000 | H | Sd, WP | Cosmop | -- | LC | Dyspepsia, poor digestion, cholera and fever |
Polygonaceae | ||||||||
Bistorta affinis D.Don* | Roti muhin | 2500-3000 | H | Rt, Lf, Sd | Reg Himal | LC | Diarrhea, fevers, coughs, and dysentery | |
Bistorta amplexicaulis D. Don | -- | 1180-2000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Antidote in snake bite, insect sting, boils |
Fagopyrum acutatum (Lehm.) Mansf. ex K.Hammer | -- | 1600-3000 | H | Lf | Reg Himal China | -- | NT | Insect bite |
Fagopyrum debotrys (D.Don) Hara | Ban Paphra | 1500-2800 | H | Lf | Reg Himal China | NE | LC | Insect bite |
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill | - | 2700-3000 | H | Lf, Rt, WP | Reg Bor Alp et Arct | -- | LC | Scurvy and dysentery |
Persicaria capitata (D.Don) Gross | Kalovar | 1500-2500 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Antidote in snake bite, boils, insect stings |
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross | -- | 1200-2500 | H | Lf, Rt | As Trop | -- | LC | Cough, dysentery, tonic |
P. nepalense Meisn. | Nalora | 1600-2000 | H | Lf | As et Afr Trop et Sub Trop | -- | LC | Swelling |
P. plebium R.Br. | -- | 1180-2200 | H | Rt, Lf, Sd | Geront Trop et Temp | -- | LC | Pneumonia, intestinal disorders, eczema |
Polygonum recumbens Royle ex Bab | -- | 1500-2500 | H | AP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Skin diseases, blood purifier, carbuncle, healing |
Rheum australe D.Don* | Chuchi | 2500-3000 | H | Rt, Rh, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Constipation, indigestion, and fever |
Rumex nepalensis Spr. | Malora | 1180-3000 | H | Lf, Rt | As Occ Ind Or Malaya Afr Austr | -- | LC | Boils, colic, cooling, diuretic, purgative, scurvy, swelling of muscles |
Primulaceae | ||||||||
Anagallis arvensis L. | - | 1180-2700 | H | Fl, Sd, Lf, AP | Europ As Temp | -- | LC | Wound healing, lung problems, kidney stones, and rheumatic conditions |
Androsace lanuginosa Wall. | -- | 1800-3000 | H | WP, Lf, Rt, Br | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Stomach pain, fever, cold, cough, bleeding, wounds, fungal infections, burns, rheumatic pain, and insect bites |
Androsace sarmentosa Wall.* | - | 2000-2700 | H | WP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Tumours, inflammations of fluids and other serous fluid disorders |
Lysimachia lobelioides Wall. | -- | 1600-2200 | H | Lf | Reg Himal Java | -- | LC | Snake bite |
Primula denticulata Sm. | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Fl, Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Wounds, fevers, ulcers, and digestive, neurological, and musculoskeletal diseases |
Punicaceae | ||||||||
Punica granatum L. | Daru | 1180-1800 | T | Fr | Europe Austr Maurit | -- | LC | Stomach disorders, vomiting |
Ranunculaceae | ||||||||
Actaea spicata L. | -- | 2200-3000 | H | Rt | Europe, As | -- | LC | Asthma, eye complaints, rheumatism |
Anemonastrum obtusilobum (D.Don) Mosyakin | -- | 2500-3000 | H | Rt,Sd | Reg Himal | E | LC | Convulsions, menorrhoea, rheumatism, purgative |
Anemone tetrasepala Royle** | - | 2500-3000 | H | Rt, Rh, WP | Reg Himal | E | LC | Stomach worms, bronchitis, gonorrhoea, cold tumours, and sedative properties |
A. vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC. | -- | 1800-3000 | H | Rt, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Ring worm, eczema |
Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle* | - | 1600-2600 | H | Lf, Rt | Ind Or | -- | NT | Hepatitis, skin burns, wound healing, jaundice, and cardiovascular issues |
Eriocapitella rivularis (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Christenh. & Byng | Carbini mamiri | 2200-3000 | H | WP | Ind Or | -- | NT | Ear complaints, bone fracture |
Caltha palustris L.* | - | 2000-2600 | H | WP, Rt, Lf, Fl | Ind Or | -- | NT | Colds, Sores, Fits and Anaemia |
Clematis barbellata Edgew.* | Chabru | 1180-2800 | Sh | Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Skin diseases, indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and sinusitis |
Clematis buchananiana DC. | - | 1500-3000 | Sh | Rt, St, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Swellings, peptic ulcers, toothaches, coughs and colds, indigestion, cuts and wounds |
Clematis connata DC. | Budh Kuja | 1180-2700 | Sh | AP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Joint pain, headaches, rheumatic pain, blisters, ulcers, and chronic skin conditions, fever, eye infections, bone disorders, gout,varicose veins, fluid retention,snake bites, antimalarial agent |
C.grata Wall. | -- | 1180-2700 | WC | AP | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Dermatitis and anthelminthic |
C.montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC. | -- | 1800-2600 | Sh | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Cold, cough |
Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hk. f. & Th. | -- | 2700-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Antihelminthic, toothache, ulcer |
Ranunculus arvensis L. | Mingua | 2000-2200 | H | Lf, St, Rt | Europ As Bor | -- | LC | Fever, rheumatism, and gut diseases |
Ranunculus diffusus DC. | -- | 1700-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory, Anti-rheumatic, Rubefacient, Anti-spasmodic, Diaphoretic, Anti-malarial and Antibacterial |
Ranunculus hirtellus Royle | -- | 2500-3000 | H | AP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Anthelmentic, vermifuge |
Thalictrum chelidonii DC.* | - | 2800-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | LC | As a tonic and an application for ophthalmia | |
Thalictrum foliolosum DC. | Bharmote, Mamira | 1500-2600 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Abdominal pain, blood purifier, eye diseases, luecoderma, rheumatism, jaundice,opthalmia, fever,dyspepsia,flatulence and visceral obstruction |
Thalictrum pauciflorum Royle* | - | 2200-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | LC | Tonic, febrifuge (fever reducer), diuretic, purgative, snakebites and jaundice, clearing sight and brain, relieving toothache | |
T. secundum Edgew. | Katmeena | 2600-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Diuretic, eye diseases, tonic |
Rhamnaceae | ||||||||
Rhamnus purpurea Edgew. | -- | 1400-2000 | Sh | Fr,Wd, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Purgative |
Rhamnus triquetra (Wall.) Brandis | -- | 1180-2200 | Sh | Bk | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Dysentery |
Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. | Chathau | 1400-2200 | Sh | Fr, Lf, Wd | Ind Or Bor | -- | LC | Emetic, purgative, infection of spleen |
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. | Jangli ber | 1180-1500 | Sh | Fr, Lf, Br,Rt, Sd | Ind Or | LC | Fevers, insomnia, and skin issues | |
Rosaceae | ||||||||
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. | Kanaula | 1180-3000 | H | AP, Rt | Reg Bor Temp | LC | Cough, urinary problems | |
Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald | - | 2100-2900 | H | Fl, AP | Carolina | LC | Blood-stopping, detoxification, and skin care | |
Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall. ex Lindl. | Rhiunsh | 1600-3000 | Sh | Fr, St | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Scabies, rheumatism, arthritis |
C. microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. | Chinchri | 2000-3000 | Sh | Rt, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Astringent |
Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. | -- | 2700-3000 | Sh | Lf, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties |
Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke | -- | 1600-2500 | H | Lf,Fl, Fr, Rt | Ind Or Malaya China | -- | LC | Cuts, eye diseases, swelling, ulcer on tongue, veterinary diseases |
Filipendula vestita (Wall. ex G. Don) Maxim. | - | 2000-2500 | H | Rt, Fl,Lf | Reg Himal | LC | Anti-inflammatory and analgesic | |
Geum elatum Wall. ex G.Don | -- | 2800-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Astringent, dysentery |
G. roylei Wall.ex F.Bolle | -- | 2000-3000 | H | Rt, AP | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Astringent, Anti-inflammatory, Hemostatic and Stomachic |
Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd. | -- | 2500-3000 | H | Lf | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Wounds, analgesic |
P. argyrophylla Wall. ex. Lehm | -- | 2500-3000 | H | AP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Treatment of colds |
P. fulgens Wall. ex Hk.f. | Dora | 1800-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Astringent, tooth complaints, tonic |
P. nepalensis Hk. | -- | 2200-3000 | H | Rt, St, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Wound healing, Skin conditions, Digestion, Respiratory problems, Inflammation, Menstrual cramps and Premenstrual syndrome |
Prinsepia utilis Royle | Bhekhal | 1180-2600 | Sh | Sd, Fr | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Burns, cuts, rheumatism, wounds;muscular pains |
Prunus armeniaca L. | Shada, Khumani | 1180-2200 | T | Sd,Fr, Wd | Reg Caucas | -- | LC | Massage oil |
Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don) M.Roem. | - | 1180-1500 | Sh | Fr, Lf, Rt | Reg Himal Europ | LC | Dysentery, heavy bleeding, and burns | |
Rosa macrophylla Lindl. | Jangali gulab | 2200-3000 | Sh | Fl | Reg Himal China | NE | LC | Stomachache |
R. moschata L. | Kuja/ Shami | 1180-1800 | Sh | Lf,Fr, Wd | Reg Himal China | -- | LC | Diarrhoea, ophthalmia, wounds |
R. sericea Lindl. | -- | 2000-3000 | Sh | Rt,Fr, Fl | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Uterine diseases |
Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. | Akhaey/ Heer | 1500-2500 | Sh | Fr, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Diarrhoea |
R. ellipticus Sm. | Akha | 1500-1800 | Sh | Fr, Rt | Ind Or | -- | LC | Dysentery, malaria, stomachache, worms |
Rubus foliolosus D.Don | - | 1800-2600 | Sh | Fr, Lf | Reg Himal | LC | Fevers, coughs, and dysentery | |
R. macilentus Camb. | 1500-3000 | Sh | Lf,St, Rt,Fr, Br | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Wound healing, jaundice, digestive problems, diabetes,fever and antioxidant | |
R. niveus Thunb. | Kali-Akha | 1180-2800 | Sh | Fr | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Stomachache |
R. paniculatus Sm. | Kalanche, Kala akha | 1180-2600 | Sh | Lf, Fr | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Diarrhoea, stomach disorder |
Sibbaldia cuneata Hor. ex Kuntz | -- | 2500-3000 | H | Fr, Rt | Reg Bor et Austr | -- | LC | Menorrhoea, antidote |
Spiraea bella Sims. | -- | 2700-3000 | Sh | Sd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Sores, wounds |
Rubiaceae | ||||||||
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. | Madanphal | 1180-1300 | H | Fl & Bk | Geront Trop | -- | LC | Astringent, diarrhea & dysentery,rheumatism |
Galium acutum Edgew. | -- | 1600-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin, genitourinary, and respiratory tract infections |
G. aparine L. | Kuri | 1180-3000 | H | Lf, Fl, Sd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin ailments, Venomous bites and stings, Detoxification, Blood pressure, Diuretic, Laxative and Astringent |
G. elegans Wall. ex Roxb. | -- | 1500-3000 | H | Br | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Bleeding |
G. rotundifolium L. | -- | 2200-3000 | H | AP | Europe As Temp | -- | LC | Bronchitis, tonsils |
Leptodermis lanceolata Wall. | Bilan | 1180-3000 | Sh | Bk,Lf | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Boils, Blisters in mouth |
Pavetta indica L. | Papri | 1180-1400 | H | Rt,Lf | As et Aust Trop | -- | LC | Boils, itches,constipation, anticephalagic, Antihelminthic, febrifuge, diuretic |
Rubia cordifolia L. | -- | 1180-2500 | H | Rt, St | Reg Himal, Ind, E. As, Trop | -- | LC | Tonic, astringent, antidote, dysentery,fever,utinary disorders,skin diseases |
Wendlandia puberula DC. | -- | 1180-1500 | Sh | Rt | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Diabetes,reduce inflammation, antimicrobial |
Rutaceae | ||||||||
Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hk.) Reichb. | Pissumar | 1180-2900 | H | Rt | Reg Himal Japan | NE | NT | Antiseptic, wounds |
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. | Gingging | 1180-1500 | Sh | St,Rt,Bk,Lf | Asia | -- | LC | Fevers, liver complaints and intestinal worms, especially in children.Stems and roots of plant used on ulcers |
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. | Kurry patta/Gandhela | 1180-1400 | Sh | Lf, Fl& Bk | Ind Or | -- | LC | Hair tonic, vomiting, anti-diabetic, dysentery, flatulence and stomach ache and for bites of poisonous animals |
Skimmia laureola (DC.) Zucc. | Ner | 2500-3000 | Sh | Lf | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Tooth care, mouth wash |
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. | Tirmara, Trimbar | 1180-1800 | Sh | Fr, Sd | Reg Himal China | -- | VU | Cough, cholera, fever, eczema, itching, leucoderma, piles, rheumatism, tonic, tooth complaints |
Salicaceae | ||||||||
Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle | Poplar | 1200-2200 | T | Br, Lf, Wd | Reg Himal | LC | Blood purifier, tonic, stimulant, muscular swellings and rheumatism, menstrual pain and reduce fever | |
Salix wallichiana Anders. | - | 1500-2800 | T | Br, Lf, Rt, Wd | Reg Himal | NT | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic | |
Sapindaceae | ||||||||
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. | Reetha | 1180-1600 | T | Fr& Bk | As Trop | -- | LC | Expectorant, excessive salvation, chlorosis, epilepsy,healthy hair |
Saururaceae | ||||||||
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | -- | 1500-2000 | H | Lf, Rt | As Temp | -- | VU | Blood purifier, boils, sores, cholera, dysentery, skin diseases, stomach complaints |
Saxifragaceae | ||||||||
Astilbe rivularis Buch. -Ham. ex-D.Don | -- | 1800-2800 | H | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Blood purifier, toothache |
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. | Silphora | 2000-3000 | H | Rh, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Kidney stone,Gastrointestinal disorders, Pulmonary infections, Skin infections,Fever, Diarrhea,Burn wounds, Broken bones, Urinary discharge and heart diseases |
Bergenia stracheyi (Hk. f. & Th.) Engl.* | Pashan bhed | 2700-3000 | H | Rt, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Antiscorbic, astringent, diuretic, fever, ophthalmia, tonic, cuts, wounds |
Saxifraga diversifolia Wall. ex Ser. | -- | 2500-3000 | H | WP, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | LC | depurative (cleansing), febrifuge (fever-reducing), and suppurative (promoting drainage of pus) properties |
Scrophulariaceae | ||||||||
Antirrhinum majus L. | Snapdragon | 1180-1400 | H | Lf,Fl | Reg. Mediterr | -- | LC | Inflammation, haemorrhoids,burns,diuretic |
Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wall. | - | 2800-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | LC | Juice of the plant applied to cuts and wounds | |
Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke | -- | 1180-1800 | H | Lf | Ind Or | -- | LC | Bronchitis, skin diseases, sore throat, toothache |
Lindenbergia macrostachya (Benth.) Benth. | - | 2000-2400 | H | Rt, Lf, Fr | Reg Himal China | LC | Stomach problems, fevers, and worm infestations, antiseptic and antidote to herbal toxicity | |
Mazus surculosus D. Don | -- | 1180-2500 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Astringent and Wound Healing |
Pedicularis pectinata Wall. ex Benth. | -- | 2500-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Bodyache, sedative |
Scoparia dulcis L. | -- | 1500-1800 | H | WP | Reg Trop | -- | NT | Antiemetic, eye diseases, fever, gout, rheumatism, tonic, urine complaints |
Scrophularia decomposita Royle ex Benth.* | - | 1500-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal Europ Austr As Occ | -- | LC | Anti-inflammatory and wound-healing |
Scrophularia himalensis Royle ex Benth. | 2000-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | NT | Skin conditions, Detoxification, Diuretic, Blood purification and Liver and kidney complaints | |
Verbascum thapsus L. | Gaddi Tamaku | 1180-2800 | H | Sd | Europe Afr Reg Himal | -- | LC | Asthma, cough, inflammation, leucoderma, veterinary diseases |
Veronica serpyllifolia L. | 2000-3000 | H | AP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Coughs, asthma, and other lung, respiratory diseases, skin problems, stomach and intestinal problems, bladder and kidney problems, Rheumatism, Gout, Liver problems, Spleen, Sore throat and Foot perspiration | |
Smilacaceae | ||||||||
Smilax aspera L. | -- | 1400-2000 | Sh | Rt,Lf, St | Europe Oriens Ind Or | -- | LC | Skin eruptions, sores, wounds |
S. elegans Wall. ex Kunth | -- | 1180-2000 | Sh | Lf,Rt, St,Sh | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Toothaches, skin diseases, arthritis and stomach pain |
Solanaceae | ||||||||
Datura innoxia Mill. | -- | 1180-1600 | H | Lf, Sd, Fr | Geront Trop | -- | LC | Antihydrophobic, asthma, boils, rheumatism |
D. stramonium L. | Datura | 1180-1700 | H | Lf, Sd, Fr | Cosmo Trop et Temp | -- | LC | Asthma, dislocation of joints, jaundice, rheumatism, stomach complaints, toothache |
Nicotiana tabacum L. | -- | 1180-1800 | H | WP | Am Austr | -- | -- | Eczema, itching, toothache, wounds, veterinary antihelminthic |
Solanum americanum Mill. | -- | 1400-2500 | H | Fr, Lf, Fl, Sd | Amphig | -- | -- | Antidote, boils, cough, dysentery, ear complaints, fever, eye complaints, skin diseases, urinary complaints |
Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal | -- | 1180-1800 | H | Fr | Reg Trop | -- | LC | Asthma, fever, colic |
Solanum nigrum L. | Makoi | 1200-2500 | H | Fr, Lf, Fl, Sd | Ind Or | -- | LC | Antidote, boils, cough, dysentery, ear complaints, fever, eye complaints, skin diseases, urinary complaints |
S. violaceum Ortega | -- | 1180-2000 | Sh | Fr,Rt, Sd,Lf | Geront Trop | -- | LC | Asthma, fever, pain, bronchitis, vomiting, cardiac troubles, dry cough, catarrh, colic, flatulence, gonorrhoea, dysuria, itching and vomiting, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Anti-microbial, Wound healing, Anthelmintic, Anti-pyretic and Anti-nociceptive |
Symplocaceae | ||||||||
Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq. | Lodge | 1500-2000 | T | Bk, Lf | Reg Himal Burma China Japan | -- | LC | Astringent |
Thymelaeaceae | ||||||||
Daphne papyracea Wall. ex Stued. | Kania/ Patrori | 1500-2800 | Sh | Rt, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Intestinal complaints |
Wikstroemia canescens Meiss. | Bhojishel | 1300-2800 | Sh | Lf, Bk | Reg Himal Zeylan China | -- | LC | Piscicidal, Paper making |
Tiliaceae | ||||||||
Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm. ex Burret | Bihul | 1180-1600 | T | Lf,St, Fr,Bk | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Skin diseases, fever, veterinary diseases |
Trillidiaceae | ||||||||
Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don | -- | 2700-3000 | H | Tu, Rh | Reg Himal | NE | EN | Wound healing, Menstrual and sexual disorders, Inflammation, Cancer, Arthritis, Hypertension, Sepsis, Giddiness and Dysentery |
Ulmaceae | ||||||||
Ulmus wallichiana Planch. | -- | 1600-2000 | T | WP | Ind Or | NE | VU | Skin infection |
Urticaceae | ||||||||
Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. | - | 1180-1700 | H | Lf, Rt, St | Reg Himal Burma | LC | Fevers, boils, dermatitis, and to prevent miscarriages | |
Boehmeria platyphylla D. Don | Siar | 1180-1800 | Sh | Lf,St, Bk | As et Afr Trop Ins Pacif | -- | LC | Dysentery, eczema |
Phenax rugosus (Poir.) Wedd. | - | 1500-2500 | H | Rt | Ind Or As Temp | LC | Rheumatism, gout | |
Parietaria debilis G.Forst. . | -- | 1200-2000 | H | Rt | Reg Trop et Sub Trop | -- | LC | Dandruff, hair problems |
Pilea umbrosa Bl. | -- | 1200-2700 | H | Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Wounds |
Pouzolzia hirta Bl. ex Hassk. | - | 1200-2400 | H | Rt | As et Austr Trop | LC | Hair tonic | |
Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. | -- | H | Lf,St, Rt | -- | LC | Wound healing, Bone fractures, Dysentery and diarrhoea, Worms, Stomachache,Galactagogue, Pyocutaneous disease, Mammary abscess and Toothache | ||
Urtica dioica L. | Kugsh/ Bicchu buti | 1180-2300 | H | WP, Lf | Reg Bor Temp | -- | LC | Antiseptic, dandruff, swelling |
U. hyperborea Jacq. ex Wedd. | -- | 1200-2100 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Rheumatism, stomachache |
Valerianaceae | ||||||||
Valeriana hardwickii Wall. | Nihani/ Nakh | 2000-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal Malaya | -- | VU | Skin diseases |
V. jatamansi Jones | Nihani Nakhnihani | 1200-3000 | H | WP | Reg Himal | -- | EN | Antidote to sting of insects, hysteria, neurosis, skin diseases |
Verbenaceae | ||||||||
Caryopteris wallichiana Schauer. | - | 1300-2000 | Sh | Br, Lf | Reg Himal | LC | Fever, common infections, and inflammation | |
Duranta repens L. | - | 1300-1600 | Sh | Lf, Fr, St, Fl | Am Mexico | LC | Malaria, intestinal worms, abscesses, fever, and diuretic | |
Lantana camara L. | -- | 1200-1500 | Sh | Lf, Fr | Am Trop | -- | LC | Itching, ringworm, veterinary medicines |
Pseudocaryopteris foetida (D.Don) P.D.Cantino | Rumri | 1200-2000 | Sh | Lf | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Wounds |
- | 1300-1700 | H | AP | Europ Mediter | -- | LC | Depression, anxiety, tension, gallbladder disease, migraine, headache, fever, cystitis, and inflammation, nerve tonic, antidepressant, cholagogue, diuretic, antispasmodic, and neuroprotective | |
Vitex negundo L. | Banha | 1180-1600 | Sh | Lf, Fr, Rt | As Trop et Sub Trop | -- | LC | Rheumatism, arthritis, sprains, anthelmentic, analgesic |
Violaceae | ||||||||
Viola biflora L. | Banafsha | 2800-3000 | H | Lf, Fl | Reg Bor Temp | -- | LC | Bronchitis, cold, cough |
V. canescens Wall. | Banafsha | 1180-2500 | H | Lf, Fl | Ind Or Malaya China | NE | NT | Asthma, bronchitis, cold, cough, eye diseases |
V. pilosa Bl. | Banafsha | 1800-2600 | H | Lf, Fl | Ind Or Malaya China | -- | NT | Antipyretic, biliousness, cold, cough, fever, lung diseases |
Zingiberaceae | ||||||||
Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. | Ban halder, ShauSati | 1180-2500 | H | Rh, Lf | Reg Himal | NE | VU | Asthma, blood purifier, bronchitis, nausea |
Roscoea alpina Royle | -- | 2500-3000 | H | Rt | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Tonic, veterinary diseases |
Roscoea procera Wall. | Musli | 2400-3000 | H | Rh | Reg Himal Burma | LC | Burn, sprain, liver, skin disease, tonic | |
Roscoea purpurea Sm.* | Musli | 2000-3000 | H | Lf, Rt, Fl | Reg Himal Burma | NT | Diabetes, diarrhea, fever, and inflammation | |
Zygophyllaceae | ||||||||
Tribulus terrestis L. | Gokharu | 1200-1600 | H | WP | AmphigTrop | -- | VU | Urinary diseases in painful micturition, suppression of urine. cough and asthma |
Gymnosperms | ||||||||
Cupressaceae | ||||||||
Juniperus communis L. | Bithal | 2800-3000 | Sh | Lf, Brr, Brh | Reg Bor Temp et Arct | NT | Diuretic, Antiseptic, Digestive Aid, Anti-inflammatory | |
Pinaceae | ||||||||
Abies pindrow (Royle ex D.Don) Royle | Tosh | 2200-3000 | T | Res, Lf, Wd | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Rheumatism, ulcer |
Cedrus deodara (Royle ex D. Don) G. Don | Kelo, Diar | 1500-3000 | T | Res, Lf, Wd | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Antihelminthic, rheumatism, ulcers, skin diseases |
Pinus roxburghii Sarg. | Chir | 1180-2200 | T | Sd, Wd, Res | Reg Himal | NE | LC | Boils, bone fracture, cracks in sole of feet, leprosy, skin diseases, snake bite, sprain, swelling, urine complaints |
Taxaceae | ||||||||
Taxus wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilg. | Rakhala/ Talispatra | 2300-3000 | T | Bk,Lf, Wd | Reg Himal | NE | EN | Anti cancerous, asthma, bronchitis |
Pteridophytes | ||||||||
Adiantaceae | ||||||||
Adiantum capillus- veneris L. | Barin | 1180-2200 | Fn | Frd, Lf | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Bronchitis, cold, cough, fever, menstrual complaints, throat disorders |
Adiantum edgeworthii Hk. | - | 1600-2000 | Fn | Lf, Rt, St | LC | Coughs and colds | ||
Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f. | - | 1300-1700 | Fn | WP | Ind (Malabar Coast), Java | LC | Coughs, colds, bronchitis, and asthma | |
A. venustum D. Don | -- | 1800-3000 | Fn | Frd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Fever |
Aspleniaceae | ||||||||
Asplenium dalhousiae Hk. | - | 1200-2800 | Fn | Rh | Ceterach | LC | Typhoid | |
Asplenium inaequilaterale Willd. | -- | 1800-2500 | Fn | WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Fever, urinary problems, and body pain |
Asplenium trichomanes L. | - | 1200-3000 | Fn | Rh, Frd | Japon China | NT | Expectorant, diuretic, chest complaints, and irregular menses | |
Asplenium varians Wall. ex Hk. & Grev. | - | 2400-3000 | Fn | Rh, Fd | Reg Himal Or Afr | LC | Kidney stones, stomach aches, diuretic and anti-inflammatory | |
Athyriaceae | ||||||||
Athyrium atkinsonii Bedd. | - | 2000-2800 | Fn | Rh | Reg Himal | LC | Anthelmintic | |
Athyrium foliolosum T. Moore ex R. Sim. | - | 1800-2500 | Fn | Rt | Reg Himal, E. As | LC | Tonic, diuretic, and to treat conditions like gastric issues, toothaches, and abdominal pain | |
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. | Linger | 1180-1800 | Fn | Frd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Constipation |
Blechnaceae | ||||||||
Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai | - | 1200-2400 | Fn | Rh | Reg Himal China Japon | LC | Dysentery and skin issues | |
Botrychiaceae | ||||||||
Botrychium schaffneri Underw. | -- | 2000-2800 | Fn | Rt, WP | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Dysentery |
Davalliaceae | ||||||||
Araiostegia beddomei (C. Hope) Ching | - | 2500-3000 | Fn | Rt, Lf, Sd | Reg Himal, Ind, Sri Lanka | -- | LC | Anti-malarial and anti-convulsant, Bronchitis and hepatitis, Snake bite remedy, Anti-inflammatory and anti-pain |
Dryopteridaceae | ||||||||
Dryopteris cochleata C. Chr. | -- | 1180-1600 | Fn | Rh | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Cholera |
Dryopteris juxtaposita C.Chr. | - | 1400-3000 | Fn | Frd | Yunnan | LC | Stomach pain, urinary infections, and fever | |
Dryopteris panda (C.B. Cl.) C.Chr. | - | 2000-2500 | Fn | Rt, Lf,Rh | Ind Bor China Austr et Occ | NT | Anti-worm agent, particularly for tapeworm, nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding, wounds, and certain skin ailments | |
D. sparsa Kuntze | -- | 1800-2900 | Fn | WP | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Antihelminthic |
Polystichum nepalense (Spreng.) C. Chr. | - | 2000-2600 | Fn | Rh, Frd | Reg Himal As | -- | NT | Diarrhoea, skin sores and boils |
Polystichum prescottianum (Wall. ex Mett.) T. Moore | - | 2000-2900 | Fn | Frd, Sht | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Boils, sores, sore throats and tonsillitis |
Polystichum squarrosum (D.Don) Fee | - | 1200-3000 | Fn | Frd, | Reg Himal, Ind, E. As | -- | LC | Antibacterial and anti-rheumatic |
Equisetaceae | ||||||||
Equisetum arvense L. | -- | 1800-3000 | Fn | WP | Reg Himal | -- | NT | Diuretic, haemostat, Dyspepsia |
Hemionitidaceae | ||||||||
Coniogramme fraxinea (D.Don) Fée ex Diels | - | 2000-2800 | Fn | Frd,Lf, Rh, WP | Reg Himal, Ind, E. As | -- | NT | Fever, sore throat, gastric ulcers, and as a cooling agent for burns and ulcers |
- | 1400 -3000 | Fn | WP | Ind Bor China Japon | -- | LC | Skin conditions like ulcers and possibly mastitis | |
Hemionitis vestita (Hk.) J.Sm. | - | 1200-2500 | Fn | Frd, Rh, Lf | Reg Himal, Ind, E. As | -- | VU | Coughs, asthma, female reproductive issues, and TB |
Ophioglossaceae | ||||||||
- | 2000-2100 | Fn | Rh, Lf, AP | Reg Himal, Ind, E. As | -- | VU | Wounds and skin ulcers | |
Polypodiaceae | ||||||||
Phymatopteris stracheyi (Ching) Pic. Serm. | - | 2500-3000 | Fn | Rh, Frd | Reg Himal, Ind, E. As | -- | VU | Jaundice, cold, cough, and wound healing |
Goniophlebium amoenum (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd. | - | 1200-2400 | Fn | Rh | E. As, Reg Himal, Ind Mal | -- | LC | Muscle rigidity, activate collaterals, and clear heat and detoxify the body |
Pteridiaceae | ||||||||
Onychium contiguum Wall. ex Hope | -- | 1800-2200 | Fn | Rh, WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Anti-bacterial and lipid peroxidation agent |
Onychium fragilis Sw. | 1180-2100 | Fn | Rh, WP | Trop, Subtrop, As | -- | VU | Anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, astringent effects, coughs, colds, fevers, and diarrhoea | |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. | -- | 1600-2500 | Fn | Rt, Frd, WP | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Antihelminthic, haemostat, cuts, wounds |
Pteris biaurita L. | Puai | 1500-2000 | Fn | Frd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Wounds |
Pteris stenophylla Wall. ex Hk. & Grev. | -- | 2000-2900 | Fn | Rh, Rt | Reg Himal | -- | VU | Tonic, vulnerary for wounds, heart problems, inflammation, and skin infections |
Pteris cretica L. | -- | 1800-2400 | Fn | WP, Frd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Skin diseases, fever, headaches, and wounds |
Pteris pseudoquadriaurita Khullar | Baran | 1200-2400 | Fn | Frd, Rh, Lf | Reg Himal, Ind | -- | NT | Fever, cough, asthma, and wounds |
Pteris quadriaurita Retz. | Baran | 1200-2400 | Fn | Rh, Frd | Trop, As, Afr, Amer, Pacif | NT | Antihelmintic and chronic disorders of viscera and spleen | |
P. vittata L. | -- | 1800-2500 | Fn | Frd | Reg Himal | -- | LC | Wound healing |
Sinopteridaceae | ||||||||
- | 1180-2200 | Fn | Frd | Mediterr, Afr, As | -- | NT | Anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial | |
Cheilanthes albomarginata C.B. Cl. | Dangtulli | 1300-1800 | Fn | Rh, Frd, Sht | Kashmir Ind As Trop | -- | LC | Stomach ulcers, stomach disorders, cuts, wounds, and general tonic |
Thelypteridaceae | ||||||||
Thelypteris palustris Schott | - | 1500 - 2000 | Fn | Rh, Frd | Bor, Temp, Cosmop | -- | VU | Dysentery, pulmonary infections, and infertility |
Abbreviations used: m=Meters; LF = Life Forms; H= Herb; Sh=Shrub; WC =Woody Climber;T=Tree; Fn= Fern AP=Ariel Part; Blb=Bulb; Tw=Twig; Sht=Shoot; Prcp= Pericarp; Blb= Bulbil; Rh=Rhizome; Wd= Wood; Frd= Fronds; Brr=Berries; Brh=Branch; Res= Resin; Bk/Br= Bark; La=Latex; Lf= Leaves; Sd=Seed; WP=Whole Plant; Tb=Tuber; Reg Himal = Regional Himalayas; Ind Or = Indian Oriental; Bor = Borealis (Northern Hemisphere); Temp = Temperate; Arct = Arctic; et = And; As = Asia; Centr = Central; Afr = Africa; Geront = Gerontia; Trop = Tropical; Amphig = Amphigaea; Austr = Australia; Amer = America; N Zel = New Zealand; Orient = Oriental Region; Cosmop = Cosmopolitan; Occ = Occidentalis; Afgan = Afghanistan; Turkist = Turkistan; Arab = Arabia; Subtrop = Subtropical; Hisp = Hispan; Min = Minor; Polynes = Polynesia; Madag = Madagascar; Alger = Algeria; E = Endemic ; EN=Endangered; NE = Near Endemic / North East; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; CR = Critically Endangered; LC = Least Concern; DD = Data Deficient; E. As = Eastern Asia; Ind Mal = Indo-Malesia; N. Sumatera = Northern Sumatra; Europe = Europe; Oriens = Oriental Region; NE Pak = Northeastern Pakistan; N Ind = Northern India; W Nep = Western Nepal; Baluchist = Baluchistan; Caucas = Caucasus; Mediterr = Mediterranean; Mongol = Mongolia; Ins = Insular; Is = Island; S = South; SE = South East; N = North; Argent = Argentina; Calid = Calidonia; Pacif = Pacific; Helv = Helvet; Zeylan = Zeyland; Sibir = Siberia; USSR = United Soviet Socialist Republic; USA = United States of America; Malaya = Malaysia; Japon = Japan; Rossia = Russia; Norveg = Norway; Mt = Mountain; Alp = Alpine; Corea = Korea; Ross Asiat = Russia Asiatic; W = West; Soongar = Soongarica; and Reg = Region. | ||||||||
DISCUSSION
The Indian Himalayan Region is renowned for its rich diversity of medicinal plants, hosting a remarkable total of 1,748 species (Samant et al., 1998; Samant et al., 2007a). The inhabitants of remote areas utilize these medicinal plants to treat a variety of diseases and ailments (Samant et al., 1998, 2007a). Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies focused on medicinal plants that are specific to catchment or watershed areas. The present study offers detailed baseline information regarding the diversity, distribution patterns, nativity, endemism, utilization patterns, indigenous uses, threat status and the specific part(s) of medicinal plants used in the Baagi and Munjhag Catchments (B &MCs), Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya. A total of 580 species with medicinal significance were documented from the B&MCs. In this region, the local population, particularly the elderly, tribal communities, and women, extensively utilizes the medicinal plants that are traditionally available. They hold the belief that these plants are easily accessible, cost-effective, and devoid of side effects when compared to contemporary medicine. The presence of 580 species of medicinal plants in B&MCs indicates a significant richness of medicinal plant species in the region. The notable diversity could be attributed to the advantageous environmental conditions that support these species (Samant & Dhar 1997; Samant et al., 1998). Additionally, the flora in this area holds significant value for both herbal and pharmaceutical sectors (Samant et al., 2007a). A comprehensive survey in the Catchment area of Parbati Hydroelectric Project Stage – III identified 104 species of medicinal plants across various life forms, including 23 species of trees, 22 species of shrubs, 57 species of herbs, and 2 species of ferns (Samant et al., 2007). 400 spp. have been documented from central Himachal Pradesh (Kumari et al., 2018), 363 spp. were reported from Khokhan Wildlife Sanctuary (Kumar et al., 2024), 208 spp. in Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary (Bodh et al. 2018) and 424 spp. were documented from Pangi Valley (Prakash et al., 2024) 390 spp. of medicinal plants were recorded from Kanawar Wildlife Sanctuary (Devi et al., 2019). The present study in B &MCs have reported significantly more spp. than any other localised area of Himachal Pradesh. Comparatively to other IHR regions, 188 genera were documented to treat 82 ailments from Pauri district of Uttarakhand (Khajuria et al., 2021). The data of 1127 medicinal plant species from 153 families spread throughout 13 districts of Uttarakhand are available according to the Uttarakhand Medicinal Plants Database (Kumar et al., 2018). 82 plant species were documented used to treat 7 types of respiratory diseases. 89 medicinal plants were recorded from sacred groves of Kumaun Himalaya (Singh et al., 2014).
A total of 948 plant taxa have been documented for their traditional medicinal use by indigenous communities of J&K (Gairola et al., 2014). A total of 85 medicinal plant species belonging to 40 families were documented in the Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir (Jan et al., 2022). A total of 112 medicinal plant species, including 87 herbs, 7 shrubs, and 10 trees, were documented, representing 53 families utilized in the traditional health care system in Kupwara district, Jammu and Kashmir (Abdullah et al., 2021). The observed contrasts distinctly indicates that the B & MCs showcase remarkable floristic and ethnomedicinal diversity in the Catchments area.
The documented medicinal plants hold significant value for a range of therapeutic applications, encompassing the skin, digestive system, respiratory tract, joints and bones, liver, urinary system, eyes, and teeth. The excessive use of leaves, roots, whole plants, seeds, flowers, fruits, shoots/stems, branches/twigs, aerial parts, bark, tubers, and rhizomes of many species could result in their premature disappearance from the region. The abundance of medicinal plants is crucial for the sustenance of the local communities in the area. However, as a result of excessive exploitation, habitat degradation, and shifts in environmental conditions, the populations of valuable medicinal plants are rapidly diminishing. Similar trends have also been found by other workers in Himachal Pradesh and other parts of the IHR. The presence of 236 native, 6 endemic, and 90 near endemic and 576 threatened medicinal plants highlights the significant conservation value of the region.
There is similar ethnobotanical studies conducted in other parts of the Indian Himalayan region (IHR). A comprehensive survey identified 357 species of medicinal plants across 98 families and 237 genera utilized by the local population. This collection of medicinal plants includes 27 trees, 269 herbs, 54 shrubs, 2 climbers, and 5 ferns (Sharma et al., 2014). Arya et al. (2021) reported a total of 102 medicinal plant species, encompassing 90 genera and 30 families and leaves, galls, fruits, seeds, latex, stem, root, fowers, bark, and rhizomes were used by local informants. According to Singh et al. (2014) the highest consensus factor value among informants was observed in liver disorder (0.55), while the lowest was recorded for body pains (0.23). Herbs were the most frequently used life forms at 57.2%, while leaves were the most commonly utilized plant parts at 24.5% (Khajuria et al., 2021). According to Jan et al. (2022). The decoction method, accounting for 40%, emerged as the most favored preparation mode for the medicine. The post-partum disorders exhibited the highest ICF value at 87%.
In present study species of considerable importance, including Angelica glauca, Trillium govanianum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, and Valeriana jatamansi, are employed in local settings and are also harvested for trade, sometimes in breach of regulations, which significantly affects their wild populations. Several of these species are encountering heightened risks as a result of ongoing livestock grazing in alpine meadows, habitat degradation, and changes associated with climate change. Consequently, it is essential to establish effective policies and ensure their implementation to protect the forests and medicinal plants. Reducing stress on wild populations depends on encouraging sustainable practices, including the cultivation of medicinal herbs in nearby villages and it is essential to motivate farmers and local communities to engage in the cultivation of medicinal plants on their underutilized and unproductive lands. Incorporating in-situ protection, ex-situ cultivation, seed and tissue culture multiplication, and fostering local community awareness is crucial for effective conservation methods. To identify the active components, present in these plants, it is crucial to conduct a thorough investigation. This arises from the potential applications that companies within the herbal industry may possess. Various entities, such as governmental bodies, community groups, academic experts, and non-profit organizations, must collaborate to efficiently oversee these plant resources. The preservation of genetic diversity in medicinal plants, together with the improvement of rural livelihoods, will be essential for promoting strong partnerships, executing educational programs for farmers, and progressing community-driven conservation initiatives. Each of these will carry considerable significance. The preservation of biodiversity depends on the execution of these policies, which are crucial not only for protecting traditional medical practices but also for guaranteeing future availability of natural remedies.
Conclusion
Future Scope
The present work offers a basic knowledge of the great variety of medicinal plants and indigenous knowledge systems in the Baagi and Munjhag Catchments of Himachal Pradesh. Long-term ecological monitoring of threatened and endemic species should be the main emphasis of future studies to evaluate population trends under different anthropogenic and climatic stresses. Modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies of highly regarded species could find fresh pharmacologically relevant therapeutic agents. Furthermore, community-based conservation models including in-situ and ex-situ cultivation of targeted species involving local stakeholders and traditional healers could arise. Geospatial tools like GIS and remote sensing can help to map important habitats and evaluate habitat fragmentation. Encouragement of sustainable use depends on the documentation and standardizing of traditional medicinal formulations supported by validation and safety evaluations. Regionally specific conservation action plans and bioresource management strategies can be developed by means of partnerships with the Ayush sector, local NGOs, and policy-makers. Such multidisciplinary projects not only protect the ethnobotanical richness of the area but also support livelihood-based conservation, so using traditional knowledge as a tool for both environmental and socioeconomic resilience in the Indian Himalayan Region
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