Effect of Nitrogen and Biofertilizers on Growth Parameter of Okra
(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
Author: Devender Kumar* and Sanjay Kumar
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Abstract
The challenges of study was that due to in discriminate use of inorganic fertilizer natural fertility of the soil has been deteriorated and leads to contamination of soil, water and food and reduced crop yield, soil acidity and nutrient imbalance. Thus there is an increasing awareness throughout the world about the integrated supply of the nutrient.
Present investigation was conducted at research farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during spring - summer season of the year 2019-20, with an objective to understand the use of nitrogen and biofertilizers on growth and yield of okra crop. Fourteen different treatments with three replications was laid out in a randomized block design in plot size of 3.0 × 1.8 m2. The treatments comprised of Nitrogen, Azotobacter and PSB including control. Result revealed that 100 % RDN (Inorganic) + Azotobacter + PSB resulted minimum days to 50% flowering (39.33) and plant height at harvest (91.93 cm), number of nodes per plant (23.60), internodal length (6.90 cm), thickness of main stem (9.63 cm) and harvest index (49.59) was recorded maximum.
Keywords
Okra, Nitrogen, Biofertilizer, Treatments and Yield
Conclusion
From the above findings it is concluded that 100 % RDN (Inorganic) + Azotobacter + PSB resulted minimum days to 50% flowering (39.33) and plant height at harvest (91.93 cm), number of nodes per plant (23.60), internodal length (6.90 cm), thickness of main stem (9.63 cm) and harvest index (49.59) was recorded maximum so for better growth of okra without deteriorating the soil health application of inorganic fertilizers along with biofertilizers dose treatment i.e (T1) should be adopted. Therefore it will also help in reducing the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer.
References
INTRODUCTION
Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is native of Tropical Africa and grows all through the tropics and subtropics. Okra or lady finger which is also known as ‘Bhindi’ is one of the important vegetables of India. Plant is herbaceous annual green, erect included in family Malvaceae and fruits are immature tender. The stem and mature fruits containing crude fibre is used in the paper industry. The stems and roots are used for clearing the cane juice in preparation of ‘gur’. Goiter is also controlled by high iodine content of fruits. Okra is said to be a very useful against spermatorrhoea, chronic dysentery and genito-urinary disorders (Nadkarni, 1927). Nitrogen fertilizer play a vital role for increasing growth, fruit yield and quality of okra. In most of the Indian soil nitrogen is found to be deficient. It is a constituents of nucleic acid, protein and chlorophyll etc. and found to be associated with carbohydrate utilization, supply of amino acid which is required for bio-synthesis of protein and protein type enzyme, which result in better development of crop and ultimately the higher yield (Mani and Ramanathan 1980; Singh 1995). The soil of Rajasthan are sandy and having high pH and low N content, so applications of nitrogen is necessary for proper growth and development of plants (Middha et al., 2015).
Biofertilizers release growth promoting substance and vitamins which help to maintain soil fertility. They act as antagonist and suppresses the incidence of soil borne plant pathogens and in this way, they help in control of diseases. Nitrogen fixing, cellulolytic and phosphate mobilizing micro-organisms in biofertilizer increase the availability of plant nutrient in soil and thus, promote the agricultural production and farming system. Application of bio-fertilizer results in mineral and water uptake, root development, nitrogen fixation and vegetative growth. Some biofertilizer (e.g. Azotobacter sp., Rhizobium, BGA) stimulates the production of growth promoting substances like vitamin-B complex, Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Gibberellic acids (GA3) etc. (Siddiqui et al., 2014). The presence of Azotobacter spp. in the soil has beneficial effect on plants and the abundance of these bacteria was related to many factors like soil physical and chemical (e.g. organic matter, pH, soil moisture, temperature) and microbiological properties. Its quantity varies as per the depth of the soil profile. Azotobacter is abundant in the rhizosphere of plant than in the surrounding of soil and this abundance depend upon the crop species (Jnawali et al., 2015). Vegetables and the vegetable system show that vegetable crops respond well to the supply of nutrients through organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers (Kumar et al., 2022).
METHODOLOGY
The present investigation was conducted at research farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during spring - summer season of the year 2019-20. The experiment was laid out under randomized block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of 14 treatments viz. T1: 100 % RDN (Inorganic) + Azotobacter + PSB, T2: 75 % RDN (Inorganic) + Azotobacter + PSB, T3: 100 % RDN through FYM + Azotobacter + PSB , T4: 75 % RDN through FYM + Azotobacter + PSB, T5: 100 % RDN through Vermicompost + Azotobacter + PSB, T6: 75 % RDN through Vermicompost + Azotobacter + PSB, T7: 100 % RDN (Inorganic), T8: 75 % RDN (Inorganic) , T9: 100 % RDN through FYM, T10: 75 % RDN through FYM, T11: 100 % RDN through Vermicompost, T12: 75 % RDN through Vermicompost, T13: Azotobacter + PSB, T14: Control. Obtained findings were analyzed with suitable statistically for interpretation of results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of nitrogen and biofertilizers on growth parameters of Plant. The results presented in Table 1 obtained on growth parameters revealed that the minimum days to50 %flowering was recorded in T1 (39.33) followed by T2 (39.67). While, maximum days to 50% flowering (44.00) was recorded under control. The reason behind earliest 50% flowering might be due to higher dose offer tilizer and biofertilizer applied on treated plots as compared to other treatments. The nutrients received from inorganic sources by plants lead to better earliness as compared to absolute control. Earliness might be due to growth promoting substances produced by inorganic sources which had influenced physiological activity of plant. Muhammad et al. (2001), Bhadoria et al. (2007) in tomato and Singh et al. (2012); Tyagi et al. (2016) also reported increase in 50 % flowering in okra.
The maximum plant height at harvest (91.93 cm) was recorded under T1 followed by T2 (91.33 cm). Whereas, T14 reported for minimum plant height at harvest (62.80 cm). This might be because of better nutritional environment in root zone for growth and development of plant by the applications of nitrogen. Nitrogen is considered as one of the major nutrient required for proper growth and development of the plant. It is also a main constituent of amino acids, proteins, protoplasm, cell nucleus, chlorophyll and many other metabolic products. These results of present investigation are in agreement with those of Manga and Muhammad (2006); Firoz (2009); Sharma and Choudhary (2011); Singh et al. (2012); Choudhary et al. (2015); Tripathi et al. (2017) in okra and Baba et al. (2018) in tomato.
The maximum number of nodes per plant (23.60) was recorded in T1 followed by T2 (22.47). Whereas, the minimum number of nodes per plant (15.80) was recorded with control. The number of nodes per plant and intermodal length decreases with decrease in nitrogen application. The evidence of increased as simulation of protoplasm resulting in greater cell division, formation of more tissues and vigour of the plant. The result of present study confirms findings of Fayaz et al. (1999) Firoz (2009); Singh et al. (2012); Kumar et al. (2013) in okra who reported pronounced effect of nitrogen on number of nodes per plant and intermodal length.
Further, results from Table 2 clearly shows that maximum intermodal length (6.90 cm) was recorded in T1 followed by T2 (6.67 cm). Whereas, the minimum intermodal length (4.83 cm) was recorded with control. The maximum thickness of main stem (9.63 cm) was recorded under T1 followed by T2 (9.10 cm), whereas, T14 reported for minimum thickness of main stem (6.85 cm). The thickness of main stem decreased significantly with decrease in nitrogen application. These results are indistinguishable with the findings of Singh et al. (2005) in okra.
The maximum value of harvest index (49.59) was recorded under T1 followed by T2 (49.47). Whereas, T14 reported for minimum value of harvest index (37.29). This may be due to increase in number of fruits/plot at higher nitrogen application which results in higher competition among the plants. Brar et al. (1993); Kumar (2017); Vats (2011) in fenugreek reported similar results due to higher dry matter production resulted in larger source for photosynthesis and thereby more translocation of photosynthates to sink.
How to cite this article
Devender Kumar and Sanjay Kumar (2022). Effect of Nitrogen and Biofertilizers on Growth Parameter of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Biological Forum – An International Journal, 14(2): 1567-1570.