A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2023–2024 at the Agricultural Research Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, to assess the effects of different sowing methods and phosphorus levels on the growth, yield, and economic returns of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, comprising nine treatment combinations derived from three phosphorus levels (30, 40, and 50 kg/ha P₂O₅) and three sowing methods (Flat, Ridge, and Bed). The results indicated that both phosphorus application and sowing methods significantly influenced crop growth, yield attributes, and economic performance. Among the various treatments, bed sowing combined with 50 kg/ha P₂O₅ recorded the highest values for growth parameters, yield components, and net economic returns. Based on the outcomes of this one-year study, it can be concluded that the combination of bed sowing with 50 kg/ha P₂O₅ is the most effective practice for enhancing the growth, yield, and profitability of summer mungbean. However, further multi-season trials are recommended to confirm these findings under diverse agro-climatic conditions

Summer Mungbean, Sowing Methods, Growth Characteristics and Yield Attributes

Based on the findings of the one-year field study on summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) conducted during the Rabi season of 2023–2024, it can be concluded that the interaction between sowing methods and phosphorus levels had a significant impact on the crop's performance. Among the treatment combinations, bed sowing combined with 50 kg/ha P₂O₅ proved to be the most effective in enhancing growth attributes, yield parameters, and overall productivity. This treatment also exhibited superior economic returns compared to other combinations. Thus, bed sowing with 50 kg/ha P₂O₅ can be recommended as the optimal practice for maximizing the growth and profitability of summer mungbean under the agro-climatic conditions of Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab. However, to further validate these findings, multi-season and multi-location trials are suggested

Sunidhi Dhiman, Hemraj Meena and Avinash Kumar Bhatia (2025). Effect of Sowing Methods and Phosphorus Levels on Growth, Yield and Economic Returns of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Biological Forum, 17(5a): 63-67