Effects of Clove Oil Exposure on Freshwater Fish: A Comprehensive Study on Neurological, Respiratory, and Biochemical Responses in Channa punctatus

Author: Deepak Varma, Neeraj Kumar, Dev Brat Mishra and V.K. Tripathi

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Abstract

This study investigates the toxicological effects of clove oil (eugenol) on Channa punctatus, focusing on neurological, respiratory, and biochemical responses across different concentrations (0 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 15 mg/L, and 25 mg/L) and exposure durations (1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours). Histopathological analysis revealed dose- and time-dependent neuronal degeneration, gill epithelial thickening, and suprabranchial cavity inflammation. Histomorphometric measurements confirmed these observations, showing significant reductions in neuronal density, gill epithelial thickness, and suprabranchial cavity volume at higher concentrations. Biochemical assays indicated increased HSP70 expression and SOD activity, reflecting oxidative stress, while total protein content decreased, indicating cellular damage. The results underscore the importance of regulating clove oil concentrations and exposure durations to minimize adverse effects on fish health in aquaculture. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of clove oil's toxicological impact and provide a basis for establishing safer usage guidelines in fish handling and aquaculture practices.

Keywords

Clove oil, Eugenol, Channa punctatus, Neurological Effects, Respiratory Effects, Biochemical Responses, Oxidative Stress, HSP70, SOD, Aquaculture

Conclusion

This study provides significant insights into the toxicological effects of clove oil (eugenol) on Channa punctatus, highlighting the dose- and time-dependent neurological, respiratory, and biochemical alterations induced by its exposure. The histopathological changes observed in the brain, gills, and suprabranchial cavity indicate that clove oil, particularly at higher concentrations and with prolonged exposure, causes substantial cellular damage, including neuronal degeneration, gill epithelial thickening, and inflammation in the suprabranchial cavity. Biochemically, the increase in HSP70 expression and SOD activity suggests an oxidative stress response, while the reduction in total protein content points to significant cellular damage. These findings underscore the need for caution in the use of clove oil in aquaculture, as prolonged exposure or high concentrations can impair respiratory and neurological functions, ultimately threatening fish health. This research emphasizes the necessity for establishing safe exposure guidelines for clove oil in fish handling and aquaculture practices to prevent adverse impacts on fish welfare and ensure sustainable aquaculture operations. Further studies are needed to refine these guidelines and explore safer alternatives for fish anesthesia that minimize toxicity while maintaining effective sedation.

References

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How to cite this article

Deepak Varma, Neeraj Kumar, Dev Brat Mishra and V.K. Tripathi (2023). Effects of Clove Oil Exposure on Freshwater Fish: A Comprehensive Study on Neurological, Respiratory, and Biochemical Responses in Channa punctatus. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(5): 1788-1794.