Exosomes as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Gastric Cancer: Insights into Helicobacter pylori Pathogenesis and Beyond

Author: Achyut Pandey, Shruti Mishra and Rohit Tiwari

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Abstract

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that are made by practically all cell types and contain a variety of biomolecules. By transporting a specific payload, exosomes can interact locally and remotely between cells. Exosomes are crucial mediators of processes like angiogenesis, metastasis, carcinogenesis, and tumor formation and have distinct qualities that make them possible biomarkers. This review article examines the functions, mechanisms, and potential clinical applications of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer with a focus on their relationship to Helicobacter pylori etiology. Exosome biosynthesis, molecular characteristics, and several techniques for isolating them are also covered. The article also highlights how exosomes from pathogens contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that have a variety of functions, including suppressing host defense mechanisms, promoting pro-pathogen gene transcription, or delivering microbial antigens to the host immune system. Overall, by spreading harmful chemicals throughout the body, exosomes have a considerable impact on disease etiology. The complicated nature of exosome cargo, standardization of separation and characterisation methods, and the requirement to prove their functional relevance in disease development are challenges in the study of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer. However, research on exosomes has made promising advances, shedding light on their function in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers, and their therapeutic applications in the treatment of gastric cancer, opening the door for novel and focused therapeutic strategies.

Keywords

Exosomes, Gastric cancer, Tumor, RNAs, Helicobacter pylori

Conclusion

The prognosis for those with advanced gastric cancer (GC) is still poor, and this disease continues to pose a serious threat to global health. The need of developing innovative, non-invasive biomarkers having high sensitivity & specificity to screen for early-stage GC is highlighted by the fact that long-term patient survival rates depend on early identification of resectable GC. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that are produced by practically all cell types. They are important mediators of processes like angiogenesis, metastasis, carcinogenesis, and tumor formation and may serve as potential biomarkers. Exosomes' lipid bilayer shape successfully shields their contents from deterioration, allowing them to endure over time in physiological fluids like saliva, blood, urine, and cell culture medium. Their contents may reveal the characteristics of the originating cells. Exosomes and their payload have been used by researchers to create cutting-edge biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. With a specific emphasis on their connection to Helicobacter pylori pathophysiology, this review has focused on the roles, mechanisms of action, potential clinical implications of exosomes as GC biomarkers & therapeutic targets. Although there have been numerous ways established for isolating exosomes based on their biophysical and biochemical characteristics, none of the current isolation techniques can completely achieve the isolation of pure exosomes. Exosomes have enormous potential as a novel class of biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GC and other malignancies, hence more study in this field is necessary.

References

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How to cite this article

Achyut Pandey, Shruti Mishra and Rohit Tiwari (2023). Exosomes as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Gastric Cancer: Insights into Helicobacter pylori Pathogenesis and Beyond. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(5): 1634-1641.