Heterosis for Green Pod Yield and Attributing Traits in Vegetable Pea [Pisum sativum (L.) var. hortense]

Author: Vikash Singh*, C.N. Ram, G.C. Yadav and Navneet Singh

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Abstract

The important factor that reduces vegetable pea production is the low-yielding potential of old varieties and the lack of stability for yield. The heterosis is widely utilized for the selection of superior cross combinations, this study was conducted to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for green pod yield and yield attributing characters. A diallel analysis (excluding reciprocal) was designed aiming towards the identification of the best heterotic crosses for green pod yield per plant and quality traits in vegetable pea. The present study was conducted at the Main Experimental Station, Department of Vegetable Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya (U.P.), India, during Rabi, 2020-21 (Y1) and 2021–22 (Y2). Forty-five hybrids were developed through diallel mating design by using ten parental lines excluding reciprocals. Appreciable heterosis was found over better parent and standard variety for all the traits under study in desirable direction. For early maturity trait si.e., days to 50% flowering, days to first picking and node to first pod appearance negative heterosis is desirable, for this the cross combinations P5×P6,P6×P7 and P5×P10 exhibited the highest significant heterosis over better parent and standard variety. Crosses P5×P6, P5 × P7, P6 × P10 and P6×P7 may be exploited commercially after evaluation for profitable yield in vegetable pea. Significant heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis indicate the importance of heterosis breeding for developing high-yielding hybrids/varieties.

Keywords

Biochemical, Diallel mating, economic heterosis,heterobeltiosis, protein, sugars

Conclusion

On the basis of heterosis analysis, among the cross combinations P5×P6, P5×P7 and P6×P7 exhibited significant negative heterosis over better parent as well as standard variety for days to 50% flowering and days to first picking. Three hybrids depicted significant and desirable (positive) heterosis over standard variety (Azad Pea-3) for total fruit yield per plant viz., P5×P6, P5×P7 and P6×P10. These hybrids also depicted significant and desirable (positive) heterosis over their respective better parent. The high heterotic response of these hybrids was resulted due to positive heterosis of yield attributing character number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per 100 g. The heterotic effect for total fruit yield per plant can be considered as an outcome of the direct effect of these attributes and indirect effects of the other yield contributing characters i.e., pod length, pod girth, shelling percentage and 100 green seed weight.

References

INTRODUCTION Garden pea [Pisum sativum (L.) var. hortense] is a member of the Leguminosae family. Near East and Ethiopia are regarded as secondary habitats, with the Mediterranean serving as the garden pea's primary source of origin (Blixt, 1970). It is prominent among leguminous vegetable crops due to its high nutritive value, particularly proteins and other health-building substances like carbohydrates vitamin A, vitamin C calcium and phosphorus. It is also rich in lysine, which is a limiting essential amino acid in cereals. It is grown commercially as a winter crop in the northern Indian plains and as a summer crop in the high hills. Green peas are eaten as a cooked vegetable and they are also used fresh, canned or frozen while ripe dried peas are used as a whole, split, or made into flour. India is second in the world for vegetable production behind China, and it contributes 10.80 million hectares and 196.26 million tonnes of vegetables to the world's production overall. Vegetable peas are grown on an average of 10.04 tonnes per hectare in India, where they cover 0.573 million hectares and produce 5.823 million tonnes (Anon., 2021). In India, it is grown extensively in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Karnataka, contributing to 67% of the total production. Uttar Pradesh is the highest vegetable pea-producing state in India. This crop is grown on 0.218 million hectares in Uttar Pradesh, producing 2.481 million tonnes and productivity is 11.360 tonnes per hectare (Anon., 2018). The key element that lowers the output of vegetable peas is the probable poor yield of older varieties and the lack of yield stability. Hybridization is a crucial breeding strategy for overcoming yield limitations. Garden pea is a self-pollinated crop and recombinant breeding is the most appropriate approach for combining various desirable traits like long and lush green pods with high yield potential (Sood and Kalia, 2006). The estimates of heterosis may be utilized in determining the potential of parents for the production of transgressive segregants in segregating generations (Sharma and Bora 2013). The present experiment was undertaken to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for green pod yield and yield attributing characters in garden pea. The exploitation of heterosis/hybrid vigour in crop plants for significant enhancement in yield and other quantitative characteristics is a time-tested approach in crop improvement. The estimation of heterosis for yield and its attributing traits would be useful to judge the best hybrid combination for exploitation as superior hybrids. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation was undertaken to study the magnitude of heterosis for fruit yield and its components in vegetable pea. The present study was carried out at the Main Experiment Station, Department of Vegetable Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya (U.P.), India, during Rabi, 2020-21 (Y1) and 2021–22 (Y2). The experimental materials comprised ten promising and diverse purelines and varieties of vegetable pea selected based on genetic variability from the different sources of germplasm stock maintained in the Department of Vegetable Science. The selected parental linesi.e.; Azad Pea-1 (P1), Azad Pea-2 (P2), Azad Pea-4 (P3), Kashi Samridhi (P4), Kashi Nandini (P5), Kashi Mukti (P6), Kashi Udai (P7), NDVP-2 (P8), NDVP-4 (P9) and Azad Pea-3 (P10) were crossed in all possible cross combinations, excluding reciprocals, during the year, 2019-20 to get 45 F1’s for the study of heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis. Azad Pea-3 was used as a standard variety for comparison of yield and attributing traits. The experiments were conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RBD) with three replications to assess the performance of 45 F1 hybrids and their 10 parental lines of vegetable pea. Observations were recorded for eighteen economic traits including biochemical traits, viz. days to 50% flowering, days to first picking, plant height (cm), node to first pod appearance, nodes per plant, pod length (cm), pod girth (cm), number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, shelling percentage (%), number of pods per 100g, 100 green seed weight (g), protein content (%), total soluble solids, reducing sugars (%), non-reducing sugar (%), total sugars (%) and green pod yield per plant (g). The magnitude of heterosis was studied using the information on various quantitative and quality traits. Heterosis expressed as per cent increase or decrease in the mean values of F1’s (hybrid) over better-parent (heterobeltiosis) and standard variety (standard heterosis) was calculated according to the suggested method. The formulas used for the estimation of heterosis are as follows: (a) Heterobeltiosis (%) (b) Standard heterosis (%) Where, is the mean value of F1, is the mean value of better-parent and is the mean value of standard variety. The significance of heterosis was tested by ‘t’ tests as given below: ‘t’ (Heterobeltiosis) = ‘t’ (Standard heterosis) = SE of heterosis over better-parent and standard variety = Where, Me is the error mean square, r is the number of replications, SE is the standard error of the treatments mean and (t) is the table value of (t) at 5% or 1% level of significance at error degree of freedom. The calculated ‘t’ value was compared with table value ‘t’ at error d.f. at 5% and 1% level of probability for testing the significance of heterosis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The degree of heterosis is measured as the superiority of F1 hybrids over the better parent (heterobeltiosis) and standard variety. The possibility of exploitation of hybrid vigour depends on feasibility of hybrid seed production at commercial scale. Heterobeltiosis is an indicator of level of transgressive segregants as superiority of hybrids helps in the identification of promising cross combinations having potential to produce the highest level of transgressive segregants in conventional crop improvement programme. In the present study, heterosis is reported over better parent (heterobeltiosis) and standard variety over season pooled. For the trait days to 50% flowering, heterosis in the negative direction is desirable as it imparts early flowering. Significantly negative heterosis over better parent and standard variety was observed in respect of days to 50% flowering. The maximum and significant negative heterosis over better parent (-16.67%) followed by (-15.81%) and standard variety (-22.00%) followed by (-21.20%) were observed in the cross P5×P6 and P5×P7. Out of 45 crosses, six crosses over better parent and six crosses over standard variety exhibited significant negative heterosis for days to 50 % flowering in over season (pooled). Early flowering in vegetable pea hybrids due to negative heterotic effect to a considerable amount has been reported earlier by Rebika (2017); Galal et al. (2019). The crosses with negative significant heterosis were considered as desirable for the trait days to first picking. The maximum and significant negative heterosis (-13.85%) followed by (-13.64%) over better parent was observed in the cross P5×P6 and P6×P7. The crosses that proved better for this character over standard variety were P5×P6 (-20.38) followed by P5×P7 (-19.91) in over season (pooled). Out of 45 crosses, significant and negative heterosis was observed in six crosses over better parent as well as over standard in over season (pooled). Similar findings were also observed by Yadav et al. (2018); Kumar et al. (2019). For plant height, the highest heterosis over better parent was recorded in the cross P5×P6 (16.04) followed by P6×P7 (14.01) and P5×P7 (13.15) while, maximum heterosis over standard variety was recorded in cross P2×P3 (78.24) followed by P2×P10 (73.59) and P2×P4 (71.72) in over season (pooled). Out of 45 crosses, significant and positive heterosis was observed in three crosses over better parent and thirty crosses over standard variety in over season (pooled). The results are in conformity with Sharma and Bora (2013), Bisht and Singh (2010). The best crosses which exhibited highest heterotic effect over better parent for the character number of seeds per pod were P7×P10 (17.56) followed by P6×P10 (16.63) and P6×P7 (16.60). The crosses proved better for this character over standard variety were P7×P10 (17.78) followed by P6×P7 (16.83) and P6×P10 (16.63) in over season (pooled). Out of 45 crosses, significant and positive heterosis was observed in nine crosses over better parent as well as over standard variety in over season (pooled). The findings of Bisht and Singh (2010); Joshi et al. (2016) supported the above results. For the character number of pods per plant (Table 1) the crosses that proved superior were P5×P6 (44.71) followed by P5×P7 (44.11) and P6×P7 (43.02) over better parent and P5×P7 (25.98) followed by P5×P6 (25.73) and P5×P10 (25.06) over standard variety showing significant magnitudes of heterotic effects in over season (pooled). Out of 45 crosses, significant and positive heterosis was observed in thirteen crosses over better parent and twenty crosses over standard variety in over season (pooled). The results are in conformity with Kumar et al. (2019); Joshi et al. (2016). The best crosses which exhibited highest heterotic effect over better parent for the character 100 green seed weight were P6×P7 (17.54) followed by P5×P10 (17.42) and P7×P10 (17.26). The crosses proved better for the character over standard variety were P5×P10 (17.56) followed by P7×P10 (17.26) and P6×P10 (17.25) in over season (pooled). Out of 45 crosses, significant and positive heterosis was observed in six crosses over better parent as well as over standard variety in over season (pooled). Similar results were reported by Borah (2009); Amani (2021). For protein content the crosses P7×P10 (14.52) recorded maximum heterosis over better parent followed by P5×P10 (12.48) and P6×P10 (11.65) while, over standard variety maximum heterosis were exhibited by the crosses P5×P10 (18.00) followed by P5×P6 (15.64) and P7×P10 (14.52) in over season (pooled). Out of 45 crosses, significant and positive heterosis was observed in six crosses over better parent and nine crosses over standard variety in over season (pooled). The findings of Yadav et al. (2015); Yadav et al. (2018) supported the above result. For the trait green pod yield per plant, the cross P5×P7 (41.38) showed highest heterosis over better parent followed by P5×P6 (41.06) and P6×P7 (39.94) while, the cross P7×P10 (34.58) recorded maximum heterosis over standard variety followed by P6×P10 (34.57) and P5×P7 (29.67) in over season (pooled). Out of 45 crosses, significant and positive heterosis was observed in twenty-six crosses over better parent and ten crosses over standard variety in over season (pooled). The findings are in accordance with that of Kumari and Sharma (2019); Kumar et al. (2019).

How to cite this article

Vikash Singh, C.N. Ram, G.C. Yadav and Navneet Singh (2022). Heterosis for Green Pod Yield and Attributing Traits in Vegetable Pea [Pisum sativum (L.) var. hortense]. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 14(2a): 76-83.