Identification of Sources Resistance to Leaf Spot, Powdery Mildew, Mung bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and Leaf Crinkle Virus Diseases in Black gram

Author: A. Vijaya Bhaskar*

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Abstract

Black gram germplasms were evaluated to identify the sources of resistance to leaf spot, powdery mildew, mung bean yellow mosaic virus and leaf crinkle virus diseases. Screening was done under natural field conditions at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Warangal, Telangana State, India. The experimental material consisted forty AICRP and twenty two state black gram entries with one check during Kharif-2017 and twenty five AICRP and sixteen state black gram entries with a check during Rabi-2017, which were screened against the major diseases at RARS, Warangal. Out of sixty four Black gram entries, five LBG 752, VBG 12-111,VBG 14-016,GBG-45 and DKU 87 were moderately resistant to Corynespora leaf spot disease, four entries viz., PU-31, MASH-338, LBG-752 and MBG-1050 were found moderately resistant to powdery mildew, forty three entries were found moderately resistant to mung bean yellow mosaic virus disease and MASH-338 entry was highly resistant to leaf crinkle virus disease. The study provides an evidence on the status of per cent leaf area coverage and disease severity index with germplasms of Warangal district in Telangana state, which helps in selection of resistant cultivars and developing multiple disease resistant germplasms in Blackgram. An attempt was made to develop host plant resistance through various screening techniques for these diseases as there is a gap still in the identification of promising germplasms against the leaf spot, powdery mildew, mymv and leaf crinkle virus disease in field conditions.

Keywords

Screening, germplasms, resistance, diseases, Black gram

Conclusion

PDU-2-43 was resistant to powdery mildew, yellow mosaic virus and leaf crinkle virus diseases. IPU-94-1, KU-16-4, KPU-128-105 and MBG-1044 were moderately resistant to powdery mildew, yellow mosaic virus and leaf crinkle virus diseases. LBG-752 entry was found moderately resistant to powdery mildew and leaf crinkle virus diseases and IPU-2-43 was moderately resistant to powdery mildew and yellow mosaic virus diseases in Kharif season. TJU-262 and LBG-884 were resistant to powdery mildew and yellow mosaic virus diseases. LBG-20 was moderately resistant to leaf spot, powdery mildew and yellow mosaic virus diseases and Mash-338 was moderately resistant to leaf spot and powdery mildew diseases in rabi season.

References

INTRODUCTION Black gram is an important pulse crop of Fabaceae, grown mainly in Telangana State. Black gram is a rich source of protein food and it contains 26.2 per cent crude protein, 1.2 per cent fat and 56.6 per cent carbohydrates (Raju et al., 2019). The less production of Black gram is mainly due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses, leaf spot, powdery mildew, mungbean yellow mosaic virus and leaf crinkle virus are major diseases in farmers’ field of Telangana State. Leaf spot severity in the wet season was causing 0.0 per cent to 100.0 per cent yield loss (Amin and Singh, 1987 and Grewal, 1988). Ambarish et al. (2021) stated that the Alternaria alternate is able to cause disease severity to an extent of 51.29 per cent in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. During survey, 60-70 DAS, the Alternaria leaf spot PDI was noticed range from 45.32% to 53.66% in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh (Prathyusha et al., 2021). Powdery mildew occurs across India and Southeast Asian countries. It becomes severe in dry season causing 9.0 per cent to 50.0 per cent yield loss (Pandey et al., 2009). Depending upon crop variety and location, disease incidence of MYMV was from 4% to 40% in Pakistan (Bashir et al., 2006). In several cases, leaves and other plant parts become completely yellow and the losses may be as high as 100% (Malik, 1991; Bashir et al., 2006). Singh et al. (2000) reported an incidence ranging from 0% to 58.5 % among various varieties during their evaluation program for resistance against MYMV from Uttar Pradesh. Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) remains as most important destructive viral disease of black gram production in the Indian subcontinent with the economic losses accounting up to 85% (Kasirao et al., 2021).YMD is caused by a single stranded DNA containing begomovirus viz., Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), which is mainly transmitted through whitefly. MYMV disease leads to severe yield reduction not only in India but also in Pakistan, Bangladesh and areas of South East Asia (Malathi et al., 2008 and Biswas et al., 2012) in Black gram. Depending upon the temperature and humidity, these diseases spread rapidly in susceptible varieties. Cultivation of resistant genotypes is an effective and cheaper method to combat the disease. Hence, several genotypes need to be screened to identify the source of resistance in Black gram. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trial was conducted in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications during Kharif-2017 and Rabi 2017 at RARS, Warangal, Telangana state. Recommended agronomic practices were followed. Evaluation for leaf spot disease, powdery mildew, mung bean yellow mosaic virus and leaf crinkle virus diseases in black gram Sixty four Black gram and forty three black gram germplasms were evaluated during kharif-2017 and rabi-2017 respectively against leaf spot disease, powdery mildew, mung bean yellow mosaic virus and leaf crinkle virus diseases under natural environmental field conditions at RARS, Warangal. Germplasms were planted in two rows of 4 meter length with row spacing of 40 cm and 10 cm between plants. The trial was laid out in randomized block design with two replications. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Leaf spot disease incidence. Leaf spot disease of sixty four black gram germplasms lines was from 3 to 9 on disease scale. Based on the mean disease incidence of both replications during Kharif-2017, one entry PDU-2-43 was moderately resistant; fourteen entries were moderately susceptible, remaining entries were highly susceptible to leaf spot disease (Table 1 and Table 2). Leaf spot disease of forty three four black gram germplasms lines was from 3 to 9. The mean disease incidence of both replications during rabi-2017, eleven entries viz., LBG 752, VBG 12-111, VBG 14-016, GBG-45, DKU 87, LBG-20, MASH-338, PU-31, NDU-1, PDU-2-43 and WBU-108 were found moderately resistant; twenty nine entries were moderately susceptible and remaining entries were susceptible and highly susceptible to leaf spot disease (Table 3 and Table 4). Out of 14 screened Black gram genotypes, one entry KUG 216 was found as highly resistant whereas three genotypes viz., BS 2-3, IPU 02-43 and B 3-8-8 were recorded as resistant to leaf spot disease (Jameel Akhtar et al., 2014). Total eleven black gram entries, only one MASH-338 was moderately resistant to Corynespora leaf spot disease (Vijaya Bhaskar, 2017). Reddi Gunasri et al. (2018) found that sixteen blackgram genotypes were evaluated, only one genotype LBG 645was moderately resistant, seven genotypes namely KU-15-6, KU-15-13, LBG 790, LBG 787, PU31, LBG 792 and LBG 791 were moderately susceptible and three genotypes viz., LBG 709, KU-15-11 and LBG 752 were susceptible to leaf spot disease. Powdery mildew disease incidence. Powdery mildew per cent disease leaf area of sixty four black gram germplasms lines was from 1 to 4 (4% to 75%). Based on the mean disease incidence of both replications during Kharif-2017, thirty three entries i.e. LBG 645, LBG 888, RBU-1, KU 16-07, KU 96-3, KPU 12-213, KPU 1720-140, KPU 12-1730, TPU 4, TU 94-2, TJU 98-14, RU 03-22, DBG-11, Pant U 31, Pant U 14-19, PU 14-28, AKU 13-16, NUK 15-09, NUL 242, VBG 14-016, VBG 12-034, VBG 13-003, COG 13-08, KUG 791, Barabanki Local, KUG 479, TBG-104, Pant-M-2, Pant-M-3, PDU-2-43, MASH-414, NDU-1 and WBU-108 were found resistant and remaining entries susceptible to powdery mildew disease (Table 1 and 2). Powdery mildew per cent disease leaf area of forty three black gram germplasms lines was from 1 to 5 (5% to 100%).Based on the mean disease incidence of both replications during rabi-2017, only eight entries i.e. TJU 262, LBG-884, MBG-1041, MBG-1045, MASH-1, MASH-414, PU-31 and NDU-1 were found resistant and remaining entries found susceptible to powdery mildew disease (Table 3 and 4). Out of screened 126 genotypes, none of them were found to be immune. However, three genotypes viz., LBG-17, LBG-685 and LBG-685×VT (F2-F3) were found to be resistant to powdery mildew disease in Black gram (Channaveeresh et al., 2014). Jameel Akhtar et al. (2014) noticed five genotypes viz., Pant U 31, BS 2-3, IPU 02-43, KU 323 and KU 99-21 were highly resistant to powdery mildew disease.Out of eleven Black gram entries, four entries viz., PU-31, MASH-338, LBG-752 and MBG-1050 were found moderately resistant to powdery mildew disease (Vijaya Bhaskar, 2017). According to Asif Hadimani et al., (2017), total 64 genotypes were screened, none of them were found to be immune and sixteen genotypes viz., BDU 3-22, OBG-647, BDU 3-23, BDU 3-2, KU-5-527, BDU 3-21, BDU-5, BDU-7, BDU-9, BDU-12, LBG-645, LBG-465, LBG-685 and LBG-20 were resistant to yellow mosaic virus. Screening of F3 progenies of 21 crosses along with 15 parents of blackgram was carried out against powdery mildew, disease score of genotypes range from 0-7 of powdery mildew was observed under field conditions (Silpa Chauhan et al., 2018). Out of 116 genotypes screened, genotype LBG645 recorded lowest per cent disease severity of 0.77 and was found to be highly resistant to powdery mildew (Priyanka et al., 2018). Mung bean yellow mosaic virus disease incidence. Yellow mosaic virus disease incidence in sixty four Black gram germplasms lines was from 0% to 90%. Based on the mean disease incidence of both replications during Kharif-2017, seven entries viz., MASH-1, MASH-414, MASH-338, T-9, TBG-104, NDU-1 and WBU-108 were found immune, seven entries viz; MBG-1044, 1045, 1047, 1050, 1051, 1052 and PDU-2-43 were resistant and remaining entries were susceptible to yellow mosaic virus disease (Table 1 and 2). Yellow mosaic virus disease incidence in forty three Black gram germplasms lines was from 0% to 85%.Based on the mean disease incidence of both replications during rabi-2017, nine entries viz., MASH-1, MASH-414, MASH-338, T-9, PU-31, TBG-104, NDU-1, PDU-2-43 and WBU-108 were found immune, twenty two entries viz., COBG 653, LBG 752, IPU 12-30, DKU 99, DKU 95, VBG 12-034, VBG 12-111, TJU 262, TJU 111, TJU 67, LBG 884, COBG 13-08, VBG13-003, VBG 14-016, IPU 12-10, GBG-45, GBG-47, OBG 41, OBG 43, DKU 118, DKU 87 and LBG 787 were resistant and remaining entries were susceptible to yellow mosaic virus disease (Table 3 and 4). Out of screened Black gram 45 genotypes, 19 lines viz., PU-31, PU-205, PU 1075, IC-1704, IC-11668,IC-37978, IC-49203, MASH-1-1, IC -6110, PDBG-10, PU-30, MASH-114, PU-35, IC-59702, TBG-104, PU-19, TU94-2, MASH338 and IC-14691 were free from disease with one score/resistant (Prasanthi et al., 2013). From screened 56 genotypes against YMV, 22 entries viz., PU-202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, P-1051, P-1051, P-1052, P-1053, P-1058, P-1059, P-1060, P-1061, P-1062, P-1064, P-1065, P-1070, P-1075, P-715 and PU-31 showed resistance to YMV in Black gram (Obaiah et al., 2013). Out of eight genotypes of black gram, two genotypes viz., KU 323 and BS 23-13 were noticed as resistant to YMV disease (Jameel Akhtar et al., 2016). Vijaya Bhaskar (2017) found that two entries viz., PU-31 and MASH-338 were found immune to mung bean yellow mosaic virus disease out of evaluated 11 black gram entries. Hari Ram Kumar Bandi et al., 2018, Observed that out of 36 genotypes, only five PU-31, KUG 216 × PU 40, TU 18, KUG 216× SPS 5 and LBG 20 were observed resistance to ymv in black gram. Sameer Kumar Singh and Singh et al. (2019), noticed that seven genotypes namely., PM-5,IPM 2K 14-19, IPM 306-1, HUM 2K-14-9, HUM-1, HUM-16 and PM-4 were moderately resistant YMV disease in black gram. Out of twenty genotypes, four genotypes namely RSU-03, TU-22, Pant-U-31 and RSU-06 were found to be resistant against yellow mosaic virus whereas nine genotypes namely Sarada, RSU-44, RSU-46, Sulata, VBG11-053, Goutam, TJU-24, KUG-725 and Uttara showed moderate resistance for Yellow Mosaic Virus disease in Black gram (Raman Babu Raman et al., 2019). Among the evaluated forty eight genotypes, 14 genotypes were resistant to YMV in Urd bean (Tamilzharasi et al., 2020). Out of 102 blackgram genotypes, one VBN4 genotype showed complete resistance and 50 genotypes tolerant to YMV (Chippy et al., 2022). Leaf crinkle virus disease. Leaf crinkle virus disease per cent severity index of sixty four Black gram germplasms lines was from 0 to 3. Based on the mean disease severity index of both replications during Kharif-2017,one MASH-338 entry was highly resistant, thirty nine entries were found resistant, 21 entries were found moderately resistant and remaining entries were susceptible to urd bean crinkle virus disease (Table 1 and 2). Out of 16 black gram entries, one genotype (VH9440039-3) was found highly resistant and one ES-1 was resistant to ULCV (Muhammad Bashir et al., 2005). Among evaluated Black gram 69 genotypes, four genotypes, KEU 16- 29, KEU 16-30, RUE-15-3 and TU68 were found to be highly resistant to leaf crinkle virus disease (Achanta Sravika et al., 2018). Out of 27 genotypes, CO 5 recorded resistance reaction, genotypes viz., APK 1 and Mash 1008 recorded moderate resistance to leaf crinkle virus disease in Black gram (Sathya Palanivelu et al., 2022).

How to cite this article

A. Vijaya Bhaskar (2022). Identification of Sources Resistance to Leaf Spot, Powdery Mildew, Mung bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and Leaf Crinkle Virus Diseases in Black gram. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 14(2a): 166-172.