Interferon-stimulated Antiviral Effectors against RNA Viruses: A Review

Author: Lekshmi J. Das, Gnanavel Venkatesan, Sindhutai Bapurao Nagargoje and Dechamma H.J.

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Abstract

Interferon (IFN) production is the earliest cellular immune response to a virus infection. Interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) are induced in response to IFNs and confer an antiviral state to host cells. There are numerous interferon effector pathways, many of which are not fully described. ISGs can target various steps of the viral life cycle and the coordinated effect of ISGs imparts antiviral effects, adding to complications in understanding. Many recent efforts have been focused on characterizing the mode of action of ISGs. Insight into IFN signaling and effector pathways during RNA virus infection will broaden the knowledge of antiviral proteins against them. We review here the current understanding of a few ISGs and their antiviral pathways blocking various steps of RNA virus infection in humans and animals. ISG products take part in a diverse role and further advances will expose unanticipated areas of antiviral research and vaccine development.

Keywords

Interferon-stimulated genes (ISG), ISG-15, Mx, viperin, IRF-3, IRF-7

Conclusion

Interferon provides early immune defense against viral infection and imparts its action through ISGs, the final effectors of the interferon pathway. ISG-15, Mx, and viperin are the major ISGs against RNA virus infection, whereas IRF-3 and IRF-7 act as major regulators of IFN signaling. Antiviral effects of interferons reveal innate immune responses to inhibit viral infection and may help to elucidate effective strategies to treat viral disease.

References

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How to cite this article

: Lekshmi J. Das, Gnanavel Venkatesan, Sindhutai Bapurao Nagargoje and Dechamma H.J. (2023). Interferon-stimulated Antiviral Effectors Against RNA Viruses: A Review. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(5): 1181-1186.