Strawberry breeding began in the 15th century with the selection and cultivation of European strawberry species in Western Europe, followed by a similar discovery and cultivation in Chile. The most popular variety of strawberries today is the garden strawberry, a hybrid of two different species with the scientific name Fragaria ananassa. However, there are numerous strawberry varieties, some of which are to some extent farmed. Strawberry species are divided into numerous genetic subcategories based on the number of chromosomes they possess. Over the years, strawberry farmers have employed a variety of breeding techniques, starting with conventional plant breeding and moving on to molecular breeding and genetic engineering in the twentieth century. In this review essay, about various breeding techniques used in strawberry breeding were discussed. However, there have been numerous obstacles to strawberry production, which has put pressure on scientists around the globe to create fresh adaptation strategies to meet the rising demand for high-quality strawberry production. The pressure from pests and disease, as well as extreme weather, is the biggest threats to strawberry production. To address some of these issues and meet the demands of consumers for fruit quality, cultivars have been created. The overall acceptability of fruit quality is a key factor in determining the success of a breeding programme because most developed varieties with desirable traits like resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses could not be commercialised and are not grown in commercial settings due to their poor quality traits. Numerous factors, including long juvenility, tall stature, environmental stress, and high heterozygosity, impede the improvement of fruit crop quality. It is challenging to improve specific desirable traits because quality traits in fruit crops are polygenic and controlled by numerous genes. Although perennial fruit crops neatly neglect this issue, numerous attempts have been made to improve the qualitative traits of annual crops. Therefore, using a combination of traditional and contemporary breeding techniques could help to solve these issues. When dealing with laborious fruit crops, biotechnological and molecular methods like marker-assisted selection, transgenics, genomic editing, genomic cis-genics, and candidate genes offer accuracy and dependability to shorten the breeding cycle. This review's main topics will be the difficulties in fruit breeding and the current state of various breeding methods for improving fruit quality in fruit trees.

Strawberry, Molecular breeding, Tissue culture, Hybridization

At the end of the paper, we concluded that Cristina, a new cultivar with improved fruit quality that integrates delayed production with greater productivity has snuffed out their enthusiasm. In Europe, Romina is competing for early production with other well-established cultivars like Clery, Alba, Flair, and others. Recurrent selection is valuable for producing improved plant as a new cultivar by selecting the superior breeding material. By the breeding genetic variability sustain and produce diseases resistance cultivars. Recurrent selection producing vigorous lines in two or three cycles and in these lines the leaf area was larger by this plant remain dwarf. In November these lines leaf area was larger than the existing and smaller from November to March. In winter the selection lines where more vigorous due which yield became higher in winter. One of the most efficient ways to lower the cost of micropropagation is to use an appropriate protocol for automation in a bioreactor. The high scale of propagation can be effectively controlled by growth regulators like BA, IBA, or NAA. In comparison to conventional propagated plants, in vitro raised plants produced the most runners. In most of the cases mutation is done is strawberry to increase the germplasm so that new best cultivars can be produced. EMS (ethyl methane sulphonate) mutant is most commonly used in strawberry mutation programme. The methodology of gamma rays+ NaCl is used to develop a new cultivar which show resistance to salinity. Breeding programmes are taken from molecular techniques used in biotechnological processes. The discovery of genetic links between plants, the production of genetic maps, the determination of candidate markers, and their use in early selection are all successful in strawberry breeding. ISSR and RAPD are powerful molecular markers for detecting somaclonal variations.

Rupesh Kaushik, Harjinder Kaur, Rahul R. Rodge, Lakhwinder Singh, Sanjeev Kumar and Khan Jabroot J. (2023). Physical and Genetic Modulation of Strawberries in Relation with Qualitative and Quantitative Traits – A Comprehensive Review. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(8): 334-346.