Plant Oxylipins: an Emerging Advance to Study their Role in Plant Defence Against Diseases incited by Various Plant Pathogens

Author: Shugufta Parveen, Wasim H. Raja, Sajad Un Nabi, Subaya Manzoor, Gazala Nazir, Fayaz A. Mohiddin and Mahendra K. Verma

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Abstract

To meet the needs of the world's population, which is constantly expanding, food security is a significant concern. Crop loss due to diseases is a major concern to overcome this global food security challenge. Plants can develop local or systemic immunity induced by pathogens or certain chemical products known as oxylipins. Plant Oxylipins (POs) are a group of extremely complex and diverse compounds that are produced as a result of oxidation of lipids. Unsaturated fatty acids might first be oxidized by enzymatic or chemical processes. A wide range of alternate processes further convert hydroperoxy fatty acids into a huge number of different oxylipin classes. The presence of oxylipins in complex lipids as esters or as free fatty acid derivatives broadens their structural diversity even more. All biological systems experience lipid peroxidation, which manifests in processes that are controlled during development and in reaction to environmental changes. The oxylipins that are produced may play a variety of biological roles. The POs, such as reactive oxygen species and electrophile species, stimulate defence related gene expression based on their chemical composition. Plants' growth, development, and responses to their environment are all regulated by the oxylipin jasmonate (JA), particularly their defense mechanisms against necrotrophic plant pathogens. The oxylipins that are produced can have a variety of biological purposes, some of which involve signalling. Comprehensive analytical tests are available to determine the oxylipin profiles of plant tissues in order to clarify the functions of oxylipins in a specific biological system. Overall phytooxylipins has a great potential to be used as biocontrol agents, however more research should be done regarding the mechanisms underlying these multifaceted compounds.

Keywords

Plant oxylipins, Biosynthesis, Jasmonic acid, Plant Defence, Lipid peroxidation

Conclusion

Plant polyenoic fatty acids, whose traditional functions were limited to the modification of membrane structures and functions and to serve as energy storage forms, are now widely regarded as lipid bioregulators that mediate cell responses to extracellular signals after their release from membranes and oxidative transformation into oxylipins. These oxygenated fatty acids, which are mostly derived from linole(n)ic acids, have important roles in plant defence systems, particularly as components of defence barriers (like cutin), as toxins (antifungal and antibacterial compounds), or as signal transduction mediators (e.g. jasmonates). Interactions between plants and pathogens set off a complicated chain of events that involve specific receptors, signaling pathways, changes in extracellular pH and membrane potentials, activation of several phosphorylase and kinase cascades, and eventually result in various defence responses. During plant-pathogen interactions, lipid metabolic pathways and plant lipids are critical, and several modifications in membrane lipids are known to take place at the infection site. In addition, lipids and their by-products are released from membranes and serve as signal molecules to activate plant defense responses. Oxylipin biosynthesis is extremely dynamic, occurring both naturally and in response to various stresses. Therefore, much more research is required to comprehend the diversity of oxylipins originating from plants, their unique functions in physiological processes, and the mechanisms of oxylipins' early signaling. It is worthwhile to investigate the potential of these metabolites as biotic stress defence agents as well as their function in enhancing plant tolerance and resistance mechanisms. In order to better understand how oxylipins operate during plant-pathogen interactions and in biotically stressful environments, focused metabolomics and lipidomics investigations are important.

References

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How to cite this article

Shugufta Parveen, Wasim H. Raja, Sajad Un Nabi, Subaya Manzoor, Gazala Nazir, Fayaz A. Mohiddin4 and Mahendra K. Verma (2023). Plant Oxylipins: an Emerging Advance to Study their Role in Plant Defence against Diseases incited by Various Plant Pathogens. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(5): 418-429.