The agricultural sector faces numerous challenges, including climate change, resource scarcity and the growing need for food security. To address these challenges, the integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become increasingly essential in modern farming practices. RS provides critical data through satellite imagery, drones and aerial sensors, allowing for the monitoring of crop health, soil conditions and environmental factors. GIS, on the other hand, helps analyze, manage and visualize this spatial data, supporting decision-making processes related to crop management, irrigation and resource allocation. Together, these technologies enable precision agriculture, optimizing input usage, enhancing productivity and promoting sustainability. However, their implementation is not without challenges, including high costs, technical complexity and the need for specialized skills. This review explores the applications of RS and GIS in agriculture, discussing their roles in crop monitoring, pest management, yield prediction and environmental monitoring. It also addresses the current limitations and barriers to widespread adoption, such as data accuracy and accessibility

Remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems, Agriculture, Crop monitoring, Precision farming

This paper concludes that geospatial technology plays a pivotal role in revolutionizing agriculture and soil management practices. Its applications, such as precision agriculture, crop monitoring, soil mapping, land use planning, yield prediction and decision support systems, provide valuable tools and information for farmers to make informed decisions and implement sustainable practices. Geospatial technology enables precision agriculture by allowing farmers to analyze spatial data and optimize resource management, leading to improved resource efficiency, reduced environmental impacts and increased crop yields. It facilitates continuous crop monitoring and management, aiding in the identification of crop health issues, stress factors and nutrient deficiencies, enabling timely interventions to optimize crop performance. By utilizing geospatial technology for soil mapping and analysis, farmers can characterize soil properties, assess land suitability and implement site-specific management practices. This approach supports effective soil conservation, nutrient optimization and erosion prevention, contributing to improved soil health and long-term sustainability. Geospatial technology also plays a critical role in land use planning and management, integrating data on land cover, topography, soil characteristics and climate patterns. This enables farmers to make informed decisions regarding crop selection, land allocation and zoning, leading to optimized land utilization, reduced land degradation and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, geospatial technology aids in yield prediction and forecasting, facilitating production planning and risk management for farmers. By integrating historical data, weather information and crop growth models, farmers can estimate future yields and make proactive decisions to adjust planting strategies, optimize harvest schedules and identify market opportunities. The development of decision support systems in agriculture, incorporating geospatial technology, enhances overall farm management. These systems integrate various data sources, providing real-time information, recommendations and alerts to optimize resource allocation, reduce production costs and improve decision-making processes. Overall, geospatial technology empowers farmers with valuable spatial information and tools, enabling them to optimize resource utilization, improve crop productivity, reduce environmental impacts and foster sustainable agricultural practices

Prerna Dogra, Ajay Kumar Yadav, Chintada Vidhyashree Venkatarao, Aparna, Omprakash, Ramesh Asiwal and Rajhans Verma (2025). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems in Agriculture: Applications and Challenges. Biological Forum, 17(5): 27-36