The Indian Himalayan Region is a hotspot of biodiversity, rich in wild flora that provides not only ecological services but also socio-economic benefits. Rhododendron arboreum, commonly known as Burans, is one of the most valuable non-timber forest products (NTFPs) of the region, supporting local communities through traditional knowledge and growing markets. This evergreen shrub is well-known for its vibrant red flowers, traditionally used in food, medicine, and rituals. In recent years, the species has gained economic attention due to its potential in value-added products such as juices, squashes, jams, and functional health supplements. However, increasing market demand, habitat disturbance, and changing climate conditions pose challenges to its sustainable utilization. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ethnobotanical relevance, phytochemical and pharmacological properties, product development, and conservation needs of R. arboreum. It highlights sustainable harvesting protocols, community participation, forest certification models, and habitat modelling approaches that can support both biodiversity conservation and rural development in the Himalayan region

Rhododendron arboreum, NTFP, traditional medicine, value addition, sustainability, forest certification, climate change, conservation

Rhododendron arboreum holds immense ecological, cultural, medicinal, and economic significance across the Indian Himalayan Region. It has traditionally been revered not only for its ornamental beauty but also for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. The increasing demand for flower-based products in both local and urban markets indicates that this species has strong potential for commercialization and livelihood enhancement. At the same time, its high-altitude adaptation, resilience to cold conditions, and ecological interactions with pollinators make it an important species for ecosystem functioning and forest health. However, growing commercial interest, along with unregulated harvesting practices and environmental stress, has raised serious concerns about the long-term sustainability of R. arboreum. Therefore, there is an urgent need for integrated strategies that promote both utilization and conservation. Forest departments and local institutions should invest in training, certification programs, and participatory conservation approaches. Eco-labelling and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification can help trace the origin of rhododendron products and ensure that they are harvested responsibly. The future scope for R. arboreum is vast and multifaceted. Educational institutions and research organizations should collaborate with forest user groups and NGOs to implement pilot programs on sustainable harvesting, quality control, and fair trade practices. Policymakers must also recognize the contribution of R. arboreum to mountain livelihoods and include it in government schemes such as the National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), the National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS), and eco-tourism initiatives. In conclusion, Rhododendron arboreum is more than a flowering tree, it is a cultural icon, a nutritional powerhouse, and a livelihood resource. With the right blend of traditional knowledge, scientific innovation, and policy support, it can serve as a model species for sustainable development in Himalayan agroecosystems

Abhinay Bhardwaj, Natalya Krishnambika and Ragini Bhardwaj (2025). Rhododendron arboreum In Himalayan Agroecosystem: A Review of its Ethnobotany, Sustainable Use and Value Addition. Biological Forum, 17(8): 91-98