INTRODUCTION India is the largest producer of rice, wheat, and other cereals. India's cereals production stood at a record 297.5 million tons in 2019-2020. Production and productivity of rice, wheat, maize other dominant crops have been increasing due to advanced technology, which replaced the production and productivity of other important crops such as minor millets. There are two types of millets cultivated in India: major and minor. The major millets include sorghum, bajra, maize, and minor millets include finger millet, foxtail millet, banyard millet, kodo millet. In India, farmers grow major millets in larger quantities than minor millets, but minor millets contain more nutritional values. The peoples living in the northeastern part of India include Manipur, Meghalaya, and Nagaland, using millets as their staple food. Millets have easy adoption and can grow successfully in diverse soil and climatic conditions. The growing season of millets in India is between June to November, and the suitable soil type for cultivation is well-drained loamy soil. It requires a warm temperature of 20-35(°C) degree Celsius for germination and is susceptible to frost. Millets are rain-fed crops, and they can be grown with less rainfall. The average rainfall requirement is 450 mm for major millets and 350 mm for minor millets. The leading producer of millets in India includes Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Karnataka (Agarwal et al., 2018). The high consumption of millets is in rural areas of Assam (18.82 kg/hsh/m) and Bihar (18.69 kg/hsh/m). The cultivation area of minor millets was high in Madhya Pradesh (84,000 hectares) followed by Chhattisgarh (63,370 hectares) and Uttarakhand (53,000 hectares). The most increased production was recorded in Madhya Pradesh (74,000 tons) followed by Uttarakhand (70,970 tons) and Tamil Nadu (37,340 tons). The highest productivity was recorded in Pondicherry (2274 kilograms/hectare) followed by Telangana (1711 kilograms/hectare) and Tamil Nadu (1444 kilograms/hectare) (Indiastat.2018-19). The minor millets can be used as food for human beings and fodder for animals because they contain more energy and nutrition than major millets. Minor millets are a good source of protein, fiber, essential fats, and minerals like calcium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. Minor millets do not contain gluten which is beneficial to diabetic patients, people having cancer, oxidative stress, obesity, celiac disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. In recent years, many researchers have been using compound annual growth rate to predict area, production and productivity of agricultural crops. Surendar and Satinder (2014) predicted area, production and productivity of sugarcane in Haryana. They found that the area's growth rate was declined in all states of Haryana, and the growth rate of production was positive in only two districts, Bhiwani and Karnal. The productivity growth was increasing in all sections of Haryana except Gurgoan, Rewari, and Sirsa. Shabana and Madhulika (2018) investigated growth and instability analysis in Indian agriculture. They revealed that rice and maize's area has increased, the production of pulse and wheat has increased, and the productivity of wheat and pulses has increased in the period. Nethravathi and Yeledhalli (2016) forecasted growth and instability in area, production and productivity of different agricultural crops in Bengaluru. Neethu et al. (2017) investigated growth and instability in area, production and productivity of Cassava in Kerala. Abid et al. (2014) forecasted area and production of Maize in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Production and consumption of minor millets in India investigated by Balaji et al. (2017). Kumari et al. (2017) investigated forecasting models for predicting pod damage of pigeon pea in Varanasi region. Kumari et al. (2016) forecasted yield of pigeon pea in Varanasi region by using different statistical models. Kumari Prity and Sathish Kumar (2021) forecasted area, production and productivity of citrus in Gujarat by using different artificial neural network models. Sathish Kumar M and Kumari Prity (2021) forecasted area, production and productivity of sapota in Gujarat. Gayathri (2018) investigated trend analysis of area, production and yield of ground nut in India. Prajneshu and Chandran (2005) computed compound growth rate of different agriculture crops in India. Saikia and Gosh (2021) found growth rate of area and production of silk in different areas of Assam. Kumari et al., (2018) investigated trend analysis of area, production and productivity of Jute crop in India. Unjia et al. (2021) investigated trend analysis of area, production and productivity of maize in India. In another study, Nida and Rahman (2020) applied compound annual growth rate to find out growth rate of area, production and productivity of Sugarcane crop in India. With respect to above literature the main purpose of the study was to evaluate the growth rate of area, production and productivity of minor millets in India by using compound annual growth rate. Earlier studies mostly covered major agricultural and horticultural crops. Minor millets have more nutritional values than major crops. Even our Indian government announced 2022-23 as International Year of Millets. This study has wide scope to find out growth rate in area, production and productivity of millets India which suggest some measure to increase the cultivation of area of millets. This study also spread the importance and nutritional benefits of millets among consumers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The secondary data of the area, production, and productivity of minor millets from 1990 to 2008 were collected for this study. The primary sources of data were government reports and the India stat website. The widely used methodology Compound Annual Growth Rate was selected for this study. The exponential compound annual growth rate is estimated using linear functions on time series data on minor millets' area, production, and productivity. The semi-log exponential functional form was used to analyze the trend in growth rate. It is one of the appropriate applicable forms to estimate the growth rate. The following semi-log functional form was used to estimate the growth rate. logYt = a + bt (1) This equation (1) can be elaborated in detail as: Yt = Yo (1+r) t (i) Taking log on both sides, We get Log Yt = Log Yo + t Log (1+r) (ii) Equation (ii) can be rewritten as Y = a + bt (iii) Where Y = Log Yt a = Log Yo b = Log (1+r), In equation (iii) Yt = area/production/ productivity, as the case may be, of minor millets as discussed above A = constant t = Time variable in year (1, 2...n) b = Regression Coefficient that shows the rate of change or growth rates in a series The annual compound growth rate (s) can be worked out by using: Antilog (b) = Antilog (log (1+r)). Antilog (b) = 1+r and r = Antilog b-1 It gives the percentage growth rate in the area, production, and productivity of minor millets multiplied by 100 (Surendar and Satinder 2014). Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) (%) = r = (Antilog B-1) ×100. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The secondary data of minor millets from 1990-91 to 2019-20 were used to meet the objectives of the study. The purposes include trends analysis in India's area, production, and productivity of minor millets. The data of the area, production, and productivity of minor millets from 1990-91 to 2019-20 were mentioned in Table 1—compound Annual Growth Rate calculated separately for the area, production, and productivity of minor millets. The trend of area, production, and productivity of minor millets in India has mentioned in Fig. 1. The overall area of cultivation of minor millets has decreased from 2447 thousand hectares to 458 thousand hectares during the period 1990-91 to 2019-20. The reduction of 81 percent cultivation area has occurred due to over-cultivation of major cereals, pulses, and cash crops. The cultivation area of minor millets has reduced 42 percent from 1990-91 to 1999-00. In the second decade from 2000-01 to 2009-10, the area has decreased another 42 percent. The third decade from 2010-11 to 2019-20 has reduced 43 percent. The result of CAGR showed that the overall cultivation areas of minor millets were highly significant, and production reduced by 5.13 per annum. It indicated that cultivation area was decreasing in trend and it will decline further in upcoming years. The overall production of minor millets has decreased from 1190 thousand kilograms to 370 thousand tons from 1990-91 to 2019-20. The reduction of 68 percent production has occurred due to the reduction of cultivation area. The production of minor millets has reduced 48 percent during the period 1990-91 to 1999-00. In the second decade from 2000-01 to 2009-10, production has decreased another 35 percent. The third decade from 2010-11 to 2019-20 has reduced 16 percent. The result of CAGR showed that the overall productions of minor millets were highly significant and production reduced by 3.30 per annum. It indicated that production was decreasing in trend and it will thicken further in upcoming years. The overall productivity of minor millets has increased from 486 kilogram/hectare to 809 kilogram/hectare from 1990-91 to 2019-20. The increase of 66 percent productivity has occurred due availability of high-yielding varieties, nutrient-rich varieties, pest, and disease-resistant verities, and the adoption of new cultivation technology. The productivity of minor millets has reduced 9 percent from 1990-91 to 1999-00. In the second decade from 2000-01 to 2009-10, production has increased 12 percent even though the reduction in the first decade. The third decade from 2010-11 to 2019-20 has increased 46 percent. The result of CAGR showed that the overall productivity of minor millets was highly significant, and productivity increased by 1.92 per annum. It indicated that productivity was increasing in trend even though area and production decreased. It will increase further in upcoming years. Table 2 shows the percentage changes in area production and productivity of minor millets in India from 1990-91 to 2019-20 and also calculated 10-year intervals. The coefficient of area and production has been calculated by considering the area as independent variable x and production as dependent variable y. It clearly showed that overall area and production positively related with each other. The broad period (1990-91 to 2019-20) 0.36-unit changes in the area led to 1-unit changes in production. The positive relationship between area and production has occurred 0.51 in the year 1990-91 to 1999-00, which means 0.51-unit changes in the area led to 1 unit of output. In the last decade, 2010-11 to 2019-20 drastic changes occurred, and 0.24 units in the area led to 1-unit changes in production.