IndexingTrichoderma as Potential Biocontrol Agent on Diseases of Soybean (Glycine max L.): A Comprehensive Review
Author: Manjula, Aishwarya, Ajay Kumar Gautam* and Anupam Kumar
Journal Name: Biological Forum – An International Journal, 16(10): 117-126, 2024
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*Department of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Abhilashi University Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), India.
(Corresponding author: Ajay Kumar Gautam*)
DOI: -
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Abstract
Keywords
Trichoderma, plant diseases, biological control, growth promotion, action mechanism.
Introduction
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a major crop in India and an important source of vegetable protein and oil (Herridge et al., 2008; Prevost et al., 2010). Soybean is a leguminous oil seed crop grown around the world due to its high protein (40%) and fat (20%) content. Soybean is thought to be a subtropical plant from Southeast Asia. This crop was brought to Europe and the United States in the 1700s and 1800s. Farmers in the Midwest of the United States grow roughly half of all soybeans. East Asia accounts for roughly 45% of soybean production, with the remaining 55% coming from America. Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, China, and India are the world's leading soybean producers, in addition to the United States (Joy et al., 1998).
In India, it is grown as a rainfed kharif crop on 10.97 million ha, yielding 10.99 million tonnes with a productivity of 1002 kg/ha in 2016-17 (SOPA). Madhya Pradesh is India's leading soybean producer, with 54.01 lakh ha of soybean production, an average productivity of 1020 kg/ha, and a total production of 55.06 lakh tonnes in 2016-17 (SOPA). Persoon (1794) established Trichoderma as a genus in Germany, proposing four species: Trichoderma viride, T. nigroscens, T. aureum, and T. roseum. Trichoderma was first isolated from Madras, India, by Thakur and Norris in 1928.
Trichoderma can be found in all temperate and tropical soils, as well as forest, agricultural, prairie, salt marsh, and desert soils. Trichoderma, for example, accounted for up to 3% of total fungal propagules in a wider range of forest soils and 1.5% in pasture soils in a variety of crops (Domsch et al., 1980). Trichoderma spp. have been known to parasitize other fungi for approximately 70 years (Table 1).
Trichoderma has been identified as saprophytic fungi found in the roots of many plants. It has been reported that antagonistic fungi produce a variety of volatile and non-volatile organic compounds (Siddiquee et al., 2012; Meena et al., 2017), as well as diffusible antibiotics such as trichodermin, gliotoxin, and virid (Mukherjee et al., 2012; Vargas et al., 2014; Sharma et al., 2016), to control plant pathogenic fungi. During antagonistic activity, these fungi primarily compete with pathogenic fungi for nutrients and space (John et al., 2010; Carvalho et al., 2015).
Similarly, fungi such as Trichoderma colonize plant roots, allowing them to protect against biotic stresses such as pathogenic infection (John et al., 2010; Carvalho et al., 2015; Jogaiah et al., 2018) while also promoting plant growth. Biological control is primarily used to control harmful organisms in plants by utilizing beneficial organisms and their products to control plant diseases and effectively reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Trichoderma, a biological fungus commonly used for plant pest control, lives in the soil, air, plant surface, and other ecological environments and can effectively control a wide range of plant diseases (Haouhach et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022). Trichoderma is primarily used to control soil-borne diseases in plants, as well as certain leaf and spike diseases (Vicente et al., 2020; Abbas et al., 2022). Trichoderma has been shown to prevent disease, promote plant growth, improve nutrient utilization, improve plant resistance, and repair agrochemical pollution (Tilocca et al., 2020; Fontana et al., 2021; Sanchez-Montesinos et al., 2021; Al-Surhanee, 2022; Tyskiewicz et al., 2022).
Trichoderma is a biocontrol fungus that is widely distributed throughout the world. Tyskiewicz et al. (2022) found that Trichoderma has significant potential for biological disease control in plants. Trichoderma use to control plant diseases has been studied all over the world. T. viride and T. harzianum inhibit 29 species of plant pathogenic fungi from 18 genera, including Botrytis, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia, in varying degrees. Trichoderma controls a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi, including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Pseudocercospora spp., and Colletotrichum spp.(Alvarez-García et al., 2020; Andrade-Hoyos et al., 2020; Carro-Huerga et al., 2020; Damodaran et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020, 2021; Al-Askar et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2021; Degani and Dor 2021; Dugassa et al., 2021; Intana et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022). Trichoderma has been widely used for biological control of cotton verticillium wilt, crop grey mold, tomato graymold, melon wilt, potato dry rot, tobacco root rot, and other plant diseases.(Andrade-Hoyos et al., 2020; Alfiky and Weisskopf 2021; Lazazzara et al., 2021; Leal et al., 2021; Manganiello et al., 2021; Degani et al., 2021a; Pollard-Flamand et al., 2022; Rees et al., 2022; Risoli et al., 2022).
Aside from biotic stress protection, Trichoderma reduces abiotic stress such as drought and salinity (Mastouri et al., 2010; Contreras-Cornejo et al., 2014). Trichoderma strains influence bioactive metabolite production (Garnica-Vergara et al., 2016). Trichoderma spp. also improves nutrient availability for plants, allowing them to better withstand biotic and abiotic stresses. Several Trichoderma species have been used in leguminous plants as biocontrol agents and growth promoters. John et al. (2010) investigated T. viride ability to significantly reduce soil-borne pathogens while also improving root systems. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) inoculated with T. harzianum and Aspergillus niger showed significant increases in shoot and root length and weight (Yadav et al., 2011).
Table 1: Different Trichoderma species effective against plant disease causing Pathogens.
Sr. No. | Crop/Plant | Trichoderma spp. | Pathogens | References |
1. | Tomato | T. viride, T. harzianum | Fusarium solani Rhizoctonia solani | Haggag and El-Gamal (2012) |
2. | Soybean | T. viride | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. adzuki | John et al. (2010) |
3. | Rice | T. viride, T. koningii, T. harzianum | Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium spp. | Bhat et al. (2009); Gomathinayagam et al. (2010); Chakravarthy et al. (2011); Bhramaramba and Nagamani (2013); Biswas and Datta (2013); Gangwar and Sharma (2013) |
4. | Potato | T. virens T. harzianum | Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium sambucinum | Ru and Di (2012) Basu (2009); Selvakumar (2008); Pandey and Pundhir (2013) |
5. | Mungbean | T. harzianum T. viride T. virens | Rhizoctonia bataticola | Dubey et al. (2009) |
6. | Onion | T. viride T. harzianum T. reesei | Alternaria alternata Alternaria porri Alternaria tenuissima | Mishra and Gupta (2012); Prakasam and Sharma (2012); Yadav et al. (2013); Shahnaz et al. (2013) |
7. | Maize | T. harzianum | Penicillium notatum, Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium oxysporium Alternaria alternata | Bhandari and Vishunavat (2013); Pal et al. (2013) |
8. | Chilli | T. viride, T. harzianum T. pseudokoningii | S. rolfsii F. oxysporum Pythium spp., R. solani | Rini and Sulochana (2006); Kapoor (2008); Vasanthakumari and Shivanna (2013) |
Biocontrol Mechanisms of Trichoderma. Nowadays, Trichoderma spp. are promising biocontrol agents against fungal phytopathogens. Examples of such interactions include T. harzianum action on Fusarium oxyporum, F. roseum, F. solani, Phytophthara colocaciae, and Sclerotium rolfsii. In general, bio-control agents grow naturally on the root surface and thus affect root disease in particular, but they can also be effective against foliar diseases (Leaf rot) and bark diseases (Citrus gummosis). They can act indirectly by competing for nutrients and space, changing environmental conditions, or promoting healthy plant growth, plant defensive mechanisms, and antibiosis, or directly through mechanisms like mycoparasitism. Increase Dry matter production increased significantly. Provide natural, long-term immunity to crops and soil (Papavizas, 1985, Howell, 2003; Vinale et al., 2008).
Benefits of Trichoderma
(a) Disease control: Trichoderma is a biocontrol agent that is widely used for both soil-borne and foliar diseases (Harman et al., 2010). It also produces cell wall degrading enzymes against pathogenic fungi from various genera, including Rhizoctonia Fusarium, Phytopthara, Scelerotiinia and Colletotrichum. Trichoderma species have been shown to control a variety of diseases (Table 2).
Table 2: Diseases controlled by Trichoderma.
Sr. No. | Crop | Diseases | Pathogen | References |
1. | Rice | Sheath blight, Bacterial leaf blight, Bakanae | Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium moniliforme | Biswas and Datta (2013); Ng et al. (2015) |
2. | Wheat | Leaf blight Loose smut | Alternaria triticina Ustilago segetum | Parveen and Kumar (2004); Singh (2004) |
3. | Chickpea | Wilt complex, Root rot | Fusarium spp., Sclerotium spp., Rhizoctonia solani | Gupta et al. (2005) |
4. | Pigeon pea | Wilt | Fusariumudum | Chaudhary and Prajapati (2004) |
5. | Apple | Ring rot White root rot | Botryosphaeria berengeriana Dematophora necatrix | Kexiang et al. (2002) Tapwal et al. (2005) |
6. | Guava | Die back | Lasiodiplodia theobromae | Yadav and Majumdar (2005) |
7. | Chilli | Dry root rot | Rhizoctonia solani | Bunker and Mathur (2001) |
8. | Tomato | Fusarium wilt Crown, stem and root rot diseases, Collar rot of tomato | Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. lycopersici Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia spp. and Pythium Sclerotium rolfsii | Komy et al. (2015); Marzano et al. (2013); Amin et al. (2010) |
9. | Potato | Damping off, Black Scurf, Charcoal Rot, Bacterial brown rot. | Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium and Phoma spp. | Gogoi et al. (2007) |
10. | Beans | web blight of beans | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | Amin et al. (2010) |
(b) Plant Growth Promoter: Trichoderma strains dissolve phosphates and micronutrients. The application of Trichoderma strains to plants increases the number of deep roots, improving the plant's ability to withstand drought.
(c) Biochemical Elicitors of Disease: Trichoderma strains have been found to cause plant resistance. Three types of compounds produced by Trichoderma that cause plant resistance have been identified. In plant cultivars, these compounds cause ethylene production, hypersensitivity, and other defensive reactions.
(d) Transgenic Plants: The introduction of Trichoderma endo chitinase gene into plants like tobacco and potatoes has increased their resistance to fungal growth. Selected transgenic lines are highly tolerant to foliar pathogens such as Alternaria alternata, A. solani, and Botrytis cirerea, as well as the soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia spp.
(e) Bioremediation: Trichoderma strains play an important role in bioremediation of pesticide and herbicide-contaminated soil. They can degrade a diverse range of insecticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbonates.
Application of Trichoderma in biological control of plant fungal diseases:
1. Seed treatment: Before sowing, mix 6-10 grams of Trichoderma powder per kilogram of seed.
2. Nursery treatment: Apply 10 to 25 g of Trichoderma powder per 100 square meters of nursery bed. The efficacy of neem cake and FYM is increased when applied prior to treatment.
3. Cutting and seedling root dip: Mix 10g of Trichoderma powder with 100g of well-rotten FYM per liter of water, then dip the cuttings and seedlings for 10 minutes before planting.
4. Soil treatment: Apply 5 kg of Trichoderma powder per hectare after incorporating sun hemp into the soil for green manuring. Alternatively, mix 1kg of Trichoderma formulation in 100kg of farmyard manure and cover with polythene for 7 days.
5. Sprinkle the heap with water intermittently: Turn the mixture in every 3-4 days and then broadcast in the field.
6. Plant Treatment: Drench the soil near the stem with 10g Trichoderma powder mixed in 1 liter of water.
Precautions taken during Trichoderma Application:
1. Avoid using chemical fungicides for 4-5 days following Trichoderma application.
2. Do not use Trichoderma on dry soil. Moisture is essential to its growth and survival.
3. Avoid directly exposing treated seeds to sunlight.
4. Avoid storing treated FYM for extended periods of time.
Trichoderma as a potential biological control agent. The term 'biocontrol' was coined in 1914 with a focus on plant pathogens and insects, respectively. Biocontrol is the process of reducing plant pest populations using naturally occurring organisms as part of integrated disease management. A variety of biocontrol agents or bio-fungicides exist in the ecosystem, and they must be isolated before being used because biocontrol agents are low-cost to produce, have a long-lasting effect on pathogen growth, and have no effect on human health. Trichoderma was first described as a bio-control agent by Weindling (1932); Trichoderma species are free-living, cosmopolitan fungi found in soils, decaying organic and vegetable matter (Harman et al., 2004a).
Several Trichoderma species show potential for biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. Trichoderma viride inhibited the growth of soil-borne Pythium debaryanum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusariumlini, F. Culmorum, and Fomusanosus (Wright 1956). Trichoderma viride is commonly used in commercial orchard oils to control Armillaria mellea (Bliss, 1951). Trichoderma viride has been shown in vitro and in vivo to be an antagonist against Venturi inaequalis, the causative agent of apple scab (Lindow, 1985). Trichoderma viride was discovered to be an antagonist to Drechslera sorokiniana, the causative agent of wheat root rot, seedling, and foliar blights (Prasad et al., 1978). Singh et al. (1991) found that using Trichoderma viride culture filtrate reduced germination of N. indica teliospores and sporidia significantly.
Biocontrol agent to barley seeds reduced Helminthosporium infection on coleoptiles by 87%. Trichoderma viride culture filtrate inhibited chlamydospore germination and suppressed the mycelial growth of Ustilagoseg tum tritici. Field tests also demonstrated the agent's biocontrol potential against wheat loose smut (Aggarwal et al., 1993). Trichoderma harzianum has been shown to inhibit the growth of S. rolfsii, the causative agent of root rot in many crops. Wells et al. (1972) applied this species' inoculum to rows of tomato seedlings to protect the crop from S. rolfsii. It has also demonstrated potential for biocontrol of Macro phominaphaseolina (Elad et al., 1986).
Trichoderma harzianum has also been shown to have biocontrol potential against F. solani (Calvet et al., 1990), Fusarium oxysporumciceris, Pythium aphanidermatum (Bhardwaj and Gupta 1987), Rhizoctonia solani (Wilson et al., 1988; Cole and Zrinyka 1988), and S. rolfsii (Deve and Dutta 1988). In a study of Trichoderma harzianum effect on fungal pathogens infecting wheat and black oat straw, the antagonist reduced the incidence of Cochliobolus sativus. This antagonist's culture filtrate inhibited the germination of teliospores and spordia of N. indica (Singh et al., 1991) and chlamydospores of U. segetum tritici. Trichoderma koningii has shown biocontrol potential against U. segetum tritici and Drechslera sorokiniana, T. reesi against D. sorokiniana and T. pseudokoningii against karnal bunt.
Table 3: Biocontrol agents of some fungal Plant diseases by different Trichoderma spp.
Sr. No. | Trichoderma spp. | Fungal plant pathogen | Plant Diseases |
1 | Trichoderma harzianum Rifai | Sclerotium rolfsii | Southern stem blight of soybean |
2 | Trichoderma harzianum Rifai | Sclerotium rolfsii | Rotting of common vegetables |
3 | Trichoderma harzianum Rifai | Sclerotium rolfsii | Collar rot of lentil |
4 | Trichoderma harzianum Rifai | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | Sunflower head rot |
5 | Trichoderma harzianum Rifai | Macrophomina phaseolina | Root rot of blackgram |
6 | Trichoderma harzianum Rifai | Fusarium oxysporum f. splycopersici | Fusarium wilt of tomato |
7 | Trichoderma harzianum Rifai | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp gladioli | Fusarium wilt & corm rot of gladioli |
8 | Trichoderma viride Pers. Ex Fr. | Fusarium udum | Pigeon pea wilt |
9 | Trichoderma viride Pers. Ex Fr. | Rhizopus oryzae | Cotton seedling disease |
10. | Trichodermavirens (Miller, Giddens & Foster) v.Arx | Serpula lacrymans | Wood decay |
11. | Trichoderma virens (Miller, Giddens & Foster) v.Arx | Colletotrichum truncatum | Brown blotch disease of cowpea |
12. | Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz | Rhizoctonia solani | Damping-off of bean |
13. | Trichoderma Koningii Oudem | Sclerotium cepivorum | White rot disease of onion roots |
Trichoderma as biocontrol agent for different soybean diseases. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the third-most important oilseed crop. Several researchers developed integrated management schedules for root, seed, and foliar diseases. According to Singh and Thapliyal (1998), seed treatment with Vitavax 200 plus Trichoderma harzianum or Gliocladium virens effectively manages pre- and post-emergence seedling rot.
Pant and Mukhopadhyay (2001) described how to manage soybean seed and seedling rot caused by R. solani using biocontrol agents Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma harzianum. (Ray et al., 2007) discovered that they improve seed germination and reduce seedling rot in soybeans. Another study found Trichoderma viride to be effective against two fungal pathogens that infect soybeans, Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium arrhenomanes (John et al., 2010). Khodke and Raut (2010) investigated the management of root rot or collar rot through seed treatment and fungicide application to the soil.
Trichoderma and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, P. fluorescens, were tested under glasshouse and field conditions against many soil-borne plant pathogens, including R. solani, S. rolfsii, and M. phaseolina, which cause root and stem rot disease in soybeans (Mishra et al., 2011). Trichoderma species inhibited the growth of oilseed-borne fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus nigricans, Penicillium notatum, and Penicillium chrysogenum, which harm oil seed crops such as soybean, sesame, and sunflower (Jat and Agalave 2013).
Antibiosis effect of Trichoderma: The term "antibiosis" refers to Trichoderma ability to secrete antagonistic substances that prevent plant pathogenic fungi from growing (Kottb et al., 2015; Izquierdo-Garcia et al., 2020; Moran-Diez et al., 2020; Shobha et al., 2020; El-Hasan et al., 2022). Trichoderma produces numerous antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including gelatinomycin, trichomycin, chlorotrichomycin, and antibacterial peptides (Maruyama et al., 2020). According to Nawrocka et al. (2018), secondary metabolites can promote plant growth, act as antibacterial agents, and provide valuable resources for the development of agricultural antibiotics.
With a 54.81% inhibition rate, Naglot et al. (2015) discovered that T. viride metabolites significantly inhibited the wilt-specific form of F. oxysporum. Manganiello et al. (2018) discovered that when exposed to T. viride TG050 609's volatile secondary metabolites, P. nicotianae mycelium can grow erratically, fracture, or even dissolve. This suggests that T. viride has antibiosis activity against P. nicotianae. Furthermore, the majority of Trichoderma strains can produce antimicrobial compounds such as pentaibols, which can inhibit a variety of plant pathogenic fungi and work in tandem with their cell wall-degrading enzymes to effectively stop their growth (Debode et al., 2018; Mayo-Prieto et al., 2019; Kovacs et al., 2021; Martinez-Salgado et al., 2021).
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the mechanism of action of Trichoderma in plant disease control.
Conclusion
Chemical control is currently the primary method for controlling plant diseases, and it is accomplished by misting fungicides and pesticides. Despite the fact that chemical pesticides have a positive and beneficial effect on agricultural productivity, their improper application has seriously contaminated the environment and increased pathogen resistance. Numerous studies have shown that Trichoderma can reduce the use of chemical pesticides while also providing beneficial biological control effects. More efficient and appropriate strains must be discovered to join the biocontrol team, as there are currently few Trichoderma biocontrol agents on the market (Nieto-Jacobo et al., 2017; Fiorentino et al., 2018; Lopez et al., 2019; Nawrocka et al., 2019; Poveda et al., 2019; Cabral-Miramonte et al., 2019).
While Trichoderma has many applications in agriculture, there are still some issues with its development and application (Rubio et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2018; Phoka et al., 2020; Santos et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022). When applied in the field, the Trichoderma spore preparation is typically a living fungal preparation that is frequently influenced by various natural factors such as humidity, temperature, soil acidity, alkalinity, and the soil microbial community, reducing the biological control effect and making field test performance unstable. Furthermore, biological control agents have a limited shelf life, and some microorganisms must be refrigerated to maintain a viable concentration at the time of application.
A prospective investigation into the biological and environmental safety of transgenic Trichoderma should be conducted concurrently with additional research on the organism (Li et al., 2021). The identification of Trichoderma elicitors to recognize plant targets or receptors, the balance regulation of Trichoderma colonizing host and plant immune response, the long-distance and trans-growth period transduction mechanism of systematically induced plant disease resistance and its defence signals, and the mechanism of Trichoderma-induced plant endophytic microbiome to synergistically stimulate plant immune response have all recently attracted attention from researchers. Research is beginning to emerge on the mechanism of cross-border miRNA transduction between pathogenic microorganisms, plants, and Trichoderma, as well as the regulation of the host process and plant immune response to Trichoderma colonization.
Combining Trichoderma and other microorganisms has made it possible to broaden the target spectrum of microbial metabolites, develop new biopesticides and biostimulants based on metabolites, and discover new metabolites with specific microorganism functions (Wang et al., 2022). It is expected that developing new plant immune-activating protein pesticides and molecularly modifying the Trichoderma multi-stimulator fusion protein will open up new avenues for the development of macromolecular biopesticides. Currently, there is an urgent need to identify the synergistic relationships that exist between Trichoderma, plants, and pathogenic microorganisms in order to induce disease resistance on a cross-genome level. Furthermore, new biostimulant or products based on Trichoderma and other microbial symbiotic agents must be developed in order to treat diseases and pests.
Compound biocontrol fungi outperform single-life biocontrol fungi in terms of disease resistance, environmental adaptation, and control efficacy. Although there are numerous preparations containing various Trichoderma species that are used in sustainable agricultural crops, their application is still expensive and not available to all farmers. In the process of developing biocontrol agents, the use of compatible or affinity multiple microorganisms for compounding has grown popular. Trichoderma can form alliances with a variety of microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, to improve plants ability to manage and prevent disease. The primary areas of research for Trichoderma as a biocontrol fungus may be as follows.
The ability of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma to withstand stressors such as high temperatures, drying, UV radiation, and storage conditions such as more than a year at room temperature is critical for commercial application. At the moment, two primary technologies exist. There are two ways to induce Trichoderma to produce stress-resistant chlamydospores: one involves lowering the acidity and controlling oxygen utilization, and the other involves adding chemical additives (such as copper) to the inoculum. The secret to understanding how Trichoderma induces plant immunity is to examine how its effectors interact with plant cell receptors. Prospective studies on the biological and environmental safety of transgenic Trichoderma should take place concurrently with the advancement of transgenic research.
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How to cite this article
Manjula, Aishwarya, Ajay Kumar Gautam and Anupam Kumar (2024). Trichoderma as Potential Biocontrol Agent on Diseases of Soybean (Glycine max L.): A Comprehensive Review. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 16(10): 117-126.
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