Trichoderma as Potential Biocontrol Agenton Diseases of Soybean (Glycine max L.): A Comprehensive Review

Author: Manjula, Aishwarya, Ajay Kumar Gautam and Anupam Kumar

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Abstract

Trichoderma primarily treats soil-borne infections and a few leaf and panicle diseases in various plant species. Trichoderma not only prevents disease, but it also increases plant resistance, accelerates growth, improves nutrient uptake efficiency, and cleans the environment of agrochemical pollutants. Trichoderma spp. is also a safe, cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent for a wide range of crop species. This study examines the use of Trichoderma and its control effects in the management of various plant diseases. Trichoderma's biological control mechanisms in plant fungal and nematode disease, such as competition, antibiosis, antagonism, and mycoparasitism, have been discussed. We also talked about how Trichoderma promotes plant growth while inducing plant systemic resistance. Developing a diverse range of Trichoderma application technologies is an important avenue for future research and development, given its potential to contribute to the agricultural sector's long-term growth

Keywords

Trichoderma, plant diseases, biological control, growth promotion, action mechanism

Conclusion

Chemical control is currently the primary method for controlling plant diseases, and it is accomplished by misting fungicides and pesticides. Despite the fact that chemical pesticides have a positive and beneficial effect on agricultural productivity, their improper application has seriously contaminated the environment and increased pathogen resistance. Numerous studies have shown that Trichoderma can reduce the use of chemical pesticides while also providing beneficial biological control effects. More efficient and appropriate strains must be discovered to join the biocontrol team, as there are currently few Trichoderma biocontrol agents on the market (Nieto-Jacobo et al., 2017; Fiorentino et al., 2018; Lopez et al., 2019; Nawrocka et al., 2019; Poveda et al., 2019; Cabral-Miramonte et al., 2019). While Trichoderma has many applications in agriculture, there are still some issues with its development and application (Rubio et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2018; Phoka et al., 2020; Santos et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022). When applied in the field, the Trichoderma spore preparation is typically a living fungal preparation that is frequently influenced by various natural factors such as humidity, temperature, soil acidity, alkalinity, and the soil microbial community, reducing the biological control effect and making field test performance unstable. Furthermore, biological control agents have a limited shelf life, and some microorganisms must be refrigerated to maintain a viable concentration at the time of application. A prospective investigation into the biological and environmental safety of transgenic Trichoderma should be conducted concurrently with additional research on the organism (Li et al., 2021). The identification of Trichoderma elicitors to recognize plant targets or receptors, the balance regulation of Trichoderma colonizing host and plant immune response, the long-distance and trans-growth period transduction mechanism of systematically induced plant disease resistance and its defence signals, and the mechanism of Trichoderma-induced plant endophytic microbiome to synergistically stimulate plant immune response have all recently attracted attention from researchers. Research is beginning to emerge on the mechanism of cross-border miRNA transduction between pathogenic microorganisms, plants, and Trichoderma, as well as the regulation of the host process and plant immune response to Trichoderma colonization. Combining Trichoderma and other microorganisms has made it possible to broaden the target spectrum of microbial metabolites, develop new biopesticides and biostimulants based on metabolites, and discover new metabolites with specific microorganism functions (Wang et al., 2022). It is expected that developing new plant immune-activating protein pesticides and molecularly modifying the Trichoderma multi-stimulator fusion protein will open up new avenues for the development of macromolecular biopesticides. Currently, there is an urgent need to identify the synergistic relationships that exist between Trichoderma, plants, and pathogenic microorganisms in order to induce disease resistance on a cross-genome level. Furthermore, new biostimulant or products based on Trichoderma and other microbial symbiotic agents must be developed in order to treat diseases and pests. Compound biocontrol fungi outperform single-life biocontrol fungi in terms of disease resistance, environmental adaptation, and control efficacy. Although there are numerous preparations containing various Trichoderma species that are used in sustainable agricultural crops, their application is still expensive and not available to all farmers. In the process of developing biocontrol agents, the use of compatible or affinity multiple microorganisms for compounding has grown popular. Trichoderma can form alliances with a variety of microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, to improve plants ability to manage and prevent disease. The primary areas of research for Trichoderma as a biocontrol fungus may be as follows. The ability of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma to withstand stressors such as high temperatures, drying, UV radiation, and storage conditions such as more than a year at room temperature is critical for commercial application. At the moment, two primary technologies exist. There are two ways to induce Trichoderma to produce stress-resistant chlamydospores: one involves lowering the acidity and controlling oxygen utilization, and the other involves adding chemical additives (such as copper) to the inoculum. The secret to understanding how Trichoderma induces plant immunity is to examine how its effectors interact with plant cell receptors. Prospective studies on the biological and environmental safety of transgenic Trichoderma should take place concurrently with the advancement of transgenic research

References

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How to cite this article

Manjula, Aishwarya, Ajay Kumar Gautam and Anupam Kumar (2024). Trichoderma as Potential Biocontrol Agenton Diseases of Soybean (Glycine max L.): A Comprehensive Review. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 16(10): 117-126